EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTACT (EPICONTACT) INVESTIGATION OF COVID-19 AT ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOLS IN KUNINGAN REGENCY, INDONESIA
Introduction: COVID-19 has spread throughout the world with more than 61, 27 million patients infected, including in education clusters that implement boarding schools. Contact investigations on the cluster are necessary to control the spread of the virus. Aims: To describe the epidemiological contact pattern of investigation results in the Islamic Boarding School cluster in Kuningan Regency. Methods: The design of this study is descriptive with epidemiological approach. The population is all students of Pondok Pesantren X, as many as 164 students, a sample of 157 students who are positive for COVID-19, and research instrument for the COVID-19 outbreak is investigation form, the variables studied included age, gender, symptoms, duration of contact, number of contacts, number of contact groups and place of contact. Result: Univariate data analysis with epi-contact analysis show: sex: 33.3% male, 60.03% female, average age 15.05 years, the average number of contacts 3.25 people, the average number of male contacts 2.62 and female 3.39, number of male contact groups 41, number of female contact groups 91. Age of value p=0.037. Conclusions: Contact pattern conclusions are mostly in female with the number of contacts between 3-4 people and age is related to the number of contacts. Limiting contact when there is suspicion is necessary to prevent transmission.
Baskara, B. (2020, Oktober). 102 Santri Ponpes Al-Mutawally Kuningan Positif COVID-19. Detik.com.
Bi, Q., Wu, Y., Mei, S., Ye, C., Zou, X., Zhang, Z., ... Feng, T. (2020). Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(8), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5
Braithwaite, I., Callender, T., Bullock, M., & Aldridge, R. W. (2020). Automated and partly automated contact tracing: a systematic review to inform the control of COVID-19. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(11), e607–e621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30184-9
CDC. (2012). Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, 3rd edn: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics.
CDC. (2020). Symptoms of COVID-19.
Cesilia, C., Sudarmaji, S., Setiabudi, D., & Nataprawira, H. M. (2021). Case report of a COVID-19 family cluster originating from a boarding school. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 61(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi61.1.2021.53-60
Cheng, H.-Y., Jian, S.-W., Liu, D.-P., Ng, T.-C., Huang, W.-T., & Lin, H.-H. (2020). Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(9). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020
Doerre, A., & Doblhammer, G. (2022). The influence of gender on COVID-19 infections and mortality in Germany: Insights from age- and gender-specific modeling of contact rates, infections, and deaths in the early phase of the pandemic. PLoS ONE, 17(5 May), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268119
Funk, S., Camacho, A., Kucharski, A. J., Eggo, R. M., & Edmunds, W. J. (2018). Real-Time Forecasting Of Infectious Disease Dynamics With A Stochastic Semi-Mechanistic Model. Epidemics, 3(2), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2016.11.003
Ghiffari, R. A. (2020). Dampak Populasi dan Mobilitas Perkotaan terhadap Penyebaran Pandemi Covid-19 di Jakarta. https://doi.org/10.24114/tgeo.v9i1.18622
Gov.UK. (2020). Guidance COVID-19: epidemiological definitions of outbreaks and clusters in particular settings.
Gregg, M. B. (2009). Field Epidemiology: 3rd edn. USA: Oxford University Press.
Han, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, L., Chen, E., Liu, P., Pan, X., & Lu, Y. (2020). Epidemiological Assessment of Imported Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Cases in the Most Affected City Outside of Hubei Province, Wenzhou, China. JAMA Network Open, 3(4), e206785. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6785
KompasTV Bandung. (2020). Rekor! 405 Santri Ponpes Husnul Khotimah Kuningan Covid-19. Kompas TV, hal. 2.
Luo, L., Liu, D., Liao, X., Wu, X., Jing, Q., Zheng, J., ... Li, Z. (2020). Modes of contact and risk of transmission in COVID-19 among close contacts. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042606
Madison & Dane County. (2020). Understanding ‘Clusters.'
Mahrania, Faisal, H. K. P., Khairan, P., Mutmainah, I., Rahmawati, F. N., Marwadhani, S. S., ... Prawirohardjo, P. (2020). Kasus COVID-19 Ringan Pada Tenaga Medis : Evaluasi Temuan Klinis dan Risiko Transmisi. Journal Indonesia Medical Association, 70(4). https://doi.org/10.47830/jinma-vol.70.4-2020-223
Ministry of Health RI. (2020). Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Diseasase (Covid-19). Kementrian Kesehatan (Vol. 5). https://doi.org/10.33654/math.v4i0.299
Mushtaq, A., Ikram, A., Chaudhry, A., Sandhu, M., Khalid, F., Hussain, S., ... Salman, M. (2020). Evaluation of the COVID-19 Laboratory-Based Surveillance System in Islamabad-Pakistan 2020. Global Biosecurity, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.31646/gbio.73
NCDHSS. (2021). Outbreaks and Clusters. Diambil 6 September 2021. https://covid19.ncdhhs.gov/dashboard/outbreaks-and-clusters
Nouvellet, P., Cori, A., Garske, T., Blake, I. M., Dorigatti, I., Hinsley, W., ... Riley, S. (2018). A Simple Approach To Measure Transmissibility and Forecast Incidence. Epidemics, 22(2), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.02.012
Nouvellet, P., Garske, T., Mills, H. L., Nedjati-Gilani, G., Hinsley, W., Blake, I. M., ... Ferguson, N. M. (2015). The Role of Rapid Diagnostics in Managing Ebola Epidemics. Nature, 52(8), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16041
Nugroho, W. D., C, W. I., Alanish, S. T., Istiqomah, N., & Cahyasari, I. (2020). Literature Review : Transmisi Covid-19 dari Manusia ke Manusia Di Asia. Journal of Bionursing, 2(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bion.2020.2.2.51
OMS. (2022). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. World Health Organization, (August), 1–33. Diambil dari https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-weekly-epidemiological-update
PIKOBAR. (2022). Sebaran Data COVID-19 Jawa Barat.
Porta, M. (2008). A dictionary of epidemiology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1135-57272008000400008
Randhawa, N., Campbell, F., Crellen, T., Sudre, B., & Jombart, T. (2019). Epicontacts : Handling, Visualisation and Analysis of epidemiological contacts F1000Research, 7, 566. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14492.2
Ravindra, K., Malik, V. S., Padhi, B. K., Goel, S., & Gupta, M. (2022). Asymptomatic infection and transmission of COVID-19 among clusters: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 203, 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.12.003
Rifaldi, F., & Laiding, S. R. (2021). Karakteristik Penderita Covid-19 Di Rsup Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Periode April – Juni 2020. UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN.
Ruapertiwi, A. M. (2021). Epidemiologi Pasien Coronavirus Disease di Rumah Sakit Tingkat II Putri Hijau Kesdam I/Bukit Barisan Medan Sumatera Utara. Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara.
Satria, R. M. A., Tutupoho, R. V., & Chalidyanto, D. (2020). Analisis Faktor Risiko Kematian dengan Penyakit Komorbid Covid-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 4(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v4i1.1587
Seftiya, A., & Kosala, K. (2020). Epidemiologi Karakteristik Pasien Covid-19 di Kalimantan Utara. Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan, 3(5), 645–653. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v3i5.542
Sirajuddin, N. (2020). Pengaruh Kontak Erat terhadap Kasus Konfirmasi Covid-19 di Kota Makassar Tahun 2020. Journal of Muslim Community Health, 1(3), 100–110.
Supandi, T. P., Kandou, G. D., & Langi, F. L. F. G. (2021). Karakteristik Penderita Coronavirus Disease 2019 Di Kota Kotamobagu. Jurnal KESMAS, 10(8), 41–49.
Susilo, A., Olivia, C., Jasirwan, M., Wafa, S., Maria, S., Rajabto, W., ... Cipto, R. (2022). Review of Current Literatures Mutasi dan Varian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 9(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v9i1.648
Susilo, A., Rumende, C. M., Pitoyo, C. W., Santoso, W. D., Yulianti, M., Sinto, R., ... Cipto, R. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 7(1), 45–67. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v7i1.415
Teutsch, S. M., & Churchill, R. E. (2000). Principles and practice of public health surveillance. USA: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138276.001.0001
Tian, S., Hu, N., Lou, J., Chen, K., Kang, X., Xiang, Z., ... Zhang, J. (2020). Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. Journal of Infection, 80(4), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018
Tupper, P., & Colijn, C. (2021). COVID-19 in schools: Mitigating classroom clusters in the context of variable transmission. PLoS Computational Biology, 17(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009120
Vermonte, P., & Wikaksono, T.Y. (2020). Karakteristik dan Persebaran COVID-19 di Indonesia : Temuan Awa,.
Volpp, K. G., Kraut, B. H., Ghosh, S., & Neatherlin, J. (2021). Minimal SARS-CoV-2 Transmission After Implementation of a Comprehensive Mitigation Strategy at a School ” New Jersey, August 20–November 27, 2020. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 70(11), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7011a2
Wang, W., Tang, J., & Wei, F. (2020). Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal Medical Virologi, 92(4), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25689
Webb, P., Bain, C., & Page, A. (2017). Essential epidemiology: an introduction for students and health professionals. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316275948
WHO Indonesia. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Ikhtisar Kegiatan-8. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Considerations in the investigation of cases and clusters of COVID-19. World Health Organization.
Wu, J., Wang, J., Nicholas, S., Maitland, E., & Fan, Q. (2020). Application of big data technology for COVID-19 prevention and control in China: Lessons and recommendations. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10). https://doi.org/10.2196/21980
Yen, M. Y. (2020). Interrupting covid-19 transmission by implementing enhanced traffic control bundling: implications for global prevention and control efforts'. Journal Of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, 65(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.011
Copyright (c) 2023 The Indonesian Journal of Public Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The authors agree to transfer the transfer copyright of the article to The Indonesian Journal of Public Health effective if and when the paper is accepted for publication.
- Authors and other parties are bound to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License for the published articles, legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA), implies that:
- Attribution ” You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial ” You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike ” If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
