A POPULATION-BASED STUDY ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS AMONG CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA SURVIVAL
Downloads
Introduction: Leukemia is the commonest childhood cancer among children aged 0-19 years in Malaysia, constituting approximately 39.1% of all pediatric cancer cases in the country. Aims: This study aimed to measure the characteristics and survival of childhood leukemia among the local Malaysian population. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on all the childhood leukemia patients aged 0-19 years registered in the Malaysian National Cancer Registry between 2010 and 2014 with the date of death before or on the 31st December 2019. The Kaplan-Meier method and life table were used to estimate five-year survival rates. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 27). Result: A total of 1,212 participants were included in this study. Their mean (SD) age was 8 (5.6) at the time of diagnosis. The highest five-year survival estimates were seen in females (58%, 95% CI: 54.5-63.1), children aged 1 to 4 (66%, 95% CI: 62.3-70.9), Indian (61.6%, 95% CI: 50.2-73.0), children diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) (65.7%, 95% CI: 61.6-69.8), and those who had undergone chemotherapy at diagnosis (57.3%, 95% CI: 54.0-60.6). Patients with childhood leukemia in Malaysia reported a 5-year overall survival of 56.4 %. Survival was greater in children aged 1 to 4 years old, Indians, with ALL, and have had chemotherapy treatment at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: The study demographic and clinical findings were comparable with other Asian countries.
Alken, S., Owens, C., Gilham, C., Grant, C., Pears, J., Deady, S., O’Marcaigh, A., Capra, M., O’Mahony, D., Smith, O. and Walsh, P.M. (2020). Survival of childhood and adolescent/young adult (AYA) cancer patients in Ireland during 1994–2013: comparisons by age. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 189(4), pp.1223–1236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02236-0
Allemani, C., Matsuda, T., Di Carlo, V., Harewood, R., Matz, M., Nikšić, M., Bonaventure, A., Valkov, M., Johnson, C. J., Estève, J., Ogunbiyi, O. J., Azevedo E Silva, G., Chen, W. Q., Eser, S., Engholm, G., Stiller, C. A., Monnereau, A., Woods, R. R., Visser, O., Lim, G. H., Aitken, J., Weir, H.K., Coleman, M.P., CONCORD Working Group. (2018). Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. The Lancet, 391(10125). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3
American Cancer Society (2019). Treating Childhood Leukemia.
Asthana, S., Labani, S., Mehrana, S. and Bakhshi, S. (2017). Incidence of childhood leukemia and lymphoma in India. Pediatric Hematology Oncology Journal, 3(4), pp. 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phoj.2017.12.004
Azizah, A.M., Noor Hashimah, A., Khalijah, M.Y., Wan Abdul Rahim, W.M., Norma, S., Noriklil Bukhary, I.B., Farzaana, A., Najib Majdi, Y., Suhaily, M.H. and Lim, G.C.C. (2018). Malaysian study on cancer survival (MySCan). National Cancer Institute, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Azizah, A.M., Nor Saleha, I.T., Noor Hashimah, A., Asmah, Z.A. and Mastulu, W. (2016). Malaysian National Cancer Registry Report (MNCR) 2007-2011.
Bonaventure, A., Harewood, R., Stiller, C.A., Gatta, G., Clavel, J., Stefan, D.C., Carreira, H., Spika, D., Marcos-Gragera, R., Peris-Bonet, R., Piñeros, M., Sant, M., Kuehni, C.E., Murphy, M.F.G., Coleman, M.P., Allemani, C., CONCORD Working Group. (2017). Worldwide comparison of survival from childhood leukaemia for 1995–2009, by subtype, age, and sex (CONCORD-2): a population-based study of individual data for 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries. The Lancet Haematology, 4(5), pp.e202–e217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30052-2
Candelli, T., Schneider, P., Castro, P.G., Jones, L.A., Bodewes, E., Rockx-Brouwer, D. Pieters, R., Holstege, F.C.P., Margaritis, T. and Stam, R.W. (2021). Identification and characterization of relapse-initiating cells in MLL -rearranged infant ALL by single-cell transcriptomics. Leukemia, 36, pp.58–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-021-01341-y
Creutzig, U., Van Den Heuvel-Eibrink, M.M., Gibson, B., Dworzak, M.N., Adachi, S., De Bont, E., Harbott, J., Hasle, H., Johnston, D., Kinoshita, A., Lehrnbecher, T., Leverger, G., Mejstrikova, E., Meshinchi, S., Pession, A., Raimondi, S.C., Sung, L., Stary, J., Zwaan, C.M.,
Kaspers, G.J.L. and Reinhardt, D. (2012). Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in children and adolescents: Recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood, 120(16), pp.3167–3205. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-03-362608
Demanelis, K., Sriplung, H., Meza, R., Wiangnon, S., Rozek, L.S., Scheurer, M.E. and Lupo, P.J. (2015). Differences in childhood leukemia incidence and survival between Southern Thailand and the United States: A population-based analysis. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 62(10), pp 1790-1798.. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25571
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2019). Statistics on Causes of Death1.
Fluchel, M.N., Kirchhoff, A.C., Bodson, J., Sweeney, C., Edwards, S.L., Qian Ding, M., Stoddard, G.J. and Kinney, A.Y. (2014). Geography and The Burden of Care in Pediatric Cancers. Physiology & Behavior, 176(1), pp.139–148.
GBD 2017 Childhood Cancer Collaborators. (2019). The global burden of childhood and adolescent cancer in 2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Oncology, 20(9), pp.1211-1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30339-0
Gao, C., Liu, S.G., Yue, Z.X., Liu, Y., Liang, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y.Y., Yu, J. Le, Wu, Y., Lin, W., Zheng, H.Y. and Zhang, R.D. (2019). Clinical-biological characteristics and treatment outcomes of pediatric pro-B ALL patients enrolled in BCH-2003 and CCLG-2008 protocol: a study of 121 Chinese children. Cancer Cell International, 19(1), pp.1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-019-1013-9
Gatta, G., Botta, L., Rossi, S., Aareleid, T., Bielska-Lasota, M., Clavel, J., Dimitrova, N., Jakab, Z., Kaatsch, P., Lacour, B., Mallone, S., Marcos-Gragera, R., Minicozzi, P., Sánchez-Pérez, M.J., Sant, M., Santaquilani, M., Stiller, C., Tavilla, A., Trama, A., Visser, O. and Peris-Bonet, R. (2014). Childhood cancer survival in Europe 1999-2007: Results of EUROCARE-5-a population-based study. The Lancet Oncology, 15(1), pp.35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70548-5
Global Cancer Observatory (2021). Cancer Today.
Hany, A., Syaza, A.R., Leong, S.H., Chiew, E.K.-H., Lin, H.P., Quah, T.C. and Yeoh, A.E.-J. (2020). Malaysia-Singapore (MASPORE) leukaemia study group: From common history to successful collaboration. Pediatric Hematology Oncology Journal, 5(1), pp.11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phoj.2020.03.009
Holmes, L., Opara, F., Des-Vignes-Kendrick, M. and Hossain, J. (2012). Age Variance in the Survival of United States Pediatric Leukemia Patients (1973–2006). ISRN Public Health, 2012, pp.1–10. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/721329
Hunger, S.P., Lu, X., Devidas, M., Camitta, B.M., Gaynon, P.S., Winick, N.J., Reaman, G.H. and Carroll, W.L. (2012). Improved survival for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: A report from the children’s oncology group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(14), pp.1663–1669. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.8018
Jessop, S., Ruhayel, S., Sutton, R., Youlden, D.R., Pearson, G., Lu, C., Milne, S., Henderson, M.J., Aitken, J.F., Kotecha, R.S. and Revesz, T. (2021). Are outcomes for childhood leukaemia in Australia influenced by geographical remoteness and Indigenous race? Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 68(4), p.e28945. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28945
Jobayer, H.M., Xie, L. and Caywood, E.H. (2015). Prognostic factors of childhood and adolescent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) survival: Evidence from four decades of US population data. Cancer Epidemiology, 39(5), pp. 720-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2015.06.009
Kelly, C., Hulme, C., Farragher, T. and Clarke, G. (2016). Are differences in travel time or distance to healthcare for adults in global north countries associated with an impact on health outcomes? A systematic review. BMJ Open, 6(11), pp.1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013059
Kent, E.E., Sender, L.S., Largent, J.A. and Anton-Culver, H. (2009). Leukemia survival in children, adolescents, and young adults: influence of socioeconomic status and other demographic factors. Cancer Causes & Control : CCC, [online] 20(8), pp.1409–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9367-2
Leong, E., Ong, S. K., Jali, F. and Ramlee, N. (2020). Childhood Cancer Survival in Brunei Darussalam. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 21(11), pp.3259–3266. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.11.3259
Nakata, K., Ito, Y., Magadi, W., Bonaventure, A., Stiller, C.A., Katanoda, K., Matsuda, T., Miyashiro, I., Pritchard-Jones, K. and Rachet, B. (2018). Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Japan and England: A population-based study (1993-2010). Cancer Science, 109(2), pp. 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13457
Park, H.J., Moon, E.K., Yoon, J.Y., Oh, C.M., Jung, K.W., Park, B.K., Shin, H.Y. and Won, Y.J. (2016). Incidence and survival of childhood cancer in Korea. Cancer Research and Treatment, 48(3), pp.869–882. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.290
Du Plessis, L., Rassekh, S.R. and Mammen, C. (2018). High incidence of acute kidney injury during chemotherapy for childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 65(4), pp.1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26915
Rascon, J. and Smailytė, G. (2020). Improvement in childhood cancer survival in Lithuania over three decades. Acta medica Lituanica, 27(1), https://doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v27i1.4260
Redaniel, M.T., Laudico, A., Alcasabas, A.P., Pulte, D. and Brenner, H. (2010). Geographic and ethnic differences in childhood leukaemia and lymphoma survival : comparisons of Philippine residents , Asian Americans and Caucasians in the United States. British Journal of Cancer, 103(1), pp.149–154. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605703
Reedijk, A.M.J., Coebergh, J.W.W., de Groot-Kruseman, H.A., van der Sluis, I.M., Kremer, L.C., Karim-Kos, H.E. and Pieters, R. (2020). Progress against childhood and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the Netherlands, 1990–2015. Leukemia, 35, pp. 1001–1011. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-01024-0
Registri Kanser Kebangsaan Institut Kanser Negara (2021). Incidence of Childhood Cancer in Malaysia 2007-2016.
Tricoli, J. V., Seibel, N.L., Blair, D.G., Albritton, K. and Hayes-Lattin, B. (2011). Unique characteristics of adolescent and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, breast cancer, and colon cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 103(8), pp.628–635. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr094
Whelan, K. and Alva, E. (2018). Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer. Pediatric Cancer Genetics, pp.1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48555-5.00001-6
Wiangnon, S., Jetsrisuparb, A., Komvilaisak, P. and Suwanrungruang, K. (2014). Childhood cancer incidence and survival 1985-2009, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(13), pp. 7989-7993. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.18.7989
Wiangnon, S., Veerakul, G., Nuchprayoon, I., Seksarn, P., Hongeng, S., Krutvecho, T. and Sripaiboonkij, N. (2011). Childhood cancer incidence and survival 2003-2005, Thailand: Study from the Thai Pediatric Oncology Group. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12(9), pp.2215-2220.
Yang, J.J., Cheng, C., Devidas, M., Cao, X., Fan, Y., Campana, D., Yang, W., Neale, G., Cox, N.J., Scheet, P., Borowitz, M.J., Winick, N.J., Martin, P.L., Willman, C.L., Bowman, W.P., Camitta, B.M., Carroll, A., Reaman, G.H., Carroll, W.L., Loh, M., Hunger, S.P., Pui, C.H., Evans, W.E. and Relling, M. V. (2011). Ancestry and pharmacogenomics of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature Genetics, 43(3), pp.237–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.763
Zheng, R., Peng, X., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Chen, T., Wang, H. and Chen, W. (2015). Incidence, mortality and survival of childhood cancer in China during 2000-2010 period: A population-based study. Cancer Letters, 363(2), pp.176–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.021
Zhu, Y., Shao, X., Wang, X., Liu, L. and Liang, H. (2019). Sex disparities in cancer. Cancer Letters, 466, pp.35–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.017
Copyright (c) 2024 The Indonesian Journal of Public Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The authors agree to transfer the transfer copyright of the article to The Indonesian Journal of Public Health effective if and when the paper is accepted for publication.
- Authors and other parties are bound to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License for the published articles, legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA), implies that:
- Attribution ” You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial ” You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike ” If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
