SIDE EFFECTS OF INJECTABLE AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AMONG REPRODUCTIVE WOMEN IN INDONESIA
Downloads
Using contraception is essential for protecting women from the risk of unintended pregnancy. However, contraceptive discontinuation, caused by side effects of contraceptives or health problems, is still high. This study aimed to assess the impact of injectable and pill contraception discontinuation due to side effects or health problems on unintended pregnancy among women aged 15-49 years in Indonesia. This study is based on the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. As many as 1,613 women who discontinued their oral contraceptives and 5,022 women who discontinued their injectables were followed retrospectively. Pregnancy rates were tested for differences between categories using survival analysis. It was found that one year after stopping contraceptives due to side effects, almost 16-17% of oral/injectable contraceptive users were already pregnant. The pregnancy rate was higher among women aged less than 25 years. Unplanned pregnancy occurred more frequently among women who were not working than women who were working. Counseling services need to be strengthened by improving provider knowledge and skills to give comprehensive information including contraceptives' side effects.
Ali, M. M., Cleland, J. G., Shah, I. H., and World Health Organization. (2012). Causes and Consequences of Contraceptive Discontinuation: Evidence from 60 Demographic and Health Surveys. In World Health Organization.
Crawford, N. M., and Steiner, A. Z. (2015). Age-Related Infertility. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 42(1), 15–25.
Cronin, M., Schellschmidt, I., and Dinger, J. (2009). Rate of Pregnancy after using Drospirenone and Other Progestin-Containing Oral Contraceptives. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 114(3), 616–622.
Curtis, S., Evens, E., and Sambisa, W. (2011). Contraceptive Discontinuation and Unintended Pregnancy: An Imperfect Relationship. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(2), 58–66.
Damhof, M. A., Pierik, E., Krens, L. L., Vermeer, M., van Det, M. J., and van Roon, E. N. (2019). Assessment of Contraceptive Counseling and Contraceptive Use in Women After Bariatric Surgery. Obesity Surgery, 29(12), 4029–4035.
Dehingia, N., Dixit, A., Averbach, S., Choudhry, V., Dey, A., Chandurkar, D., Nanda, P., Silverman, J. G., and Raj, A. (2019). Family Planning Counseling and Its Associations with Modern Contraceptive Use, Initiation, and Continuation in Rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Reproductive Health, 16(1), 1–11.
Giorgio, M. M., Utomo, B., Soeharno, N., Aryanty, R. I., Besral, Stillman, M., Philbin, J., Singh, S., and Sedgh, G. (2020). Estimating the Incidence of Induced Abortion in Java, Indonesia, 2018. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 211–222.
Habte, D., Teklu, S., Melese, T., and Magafu, M. G. M. D. (2013). Correlates of Unintended Pregnancy in Ethiopia: Results from A National Survey. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1–8.
Hassan, M. A. M., and Killick, S. R. (2004). Is Previous Use of Hormonal Contraception Associated with A Detrimental Effect on Subsequent Fecundity?. Human Reproduction, 19(2), 344–351.
Hussain, R., and Finer, L. B. (2013). Unintended pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion in the Philippines: Context and Consequences. Issues in Brief (Alan Guttmacher Institute), 3, 1–8.
Jain, A. K., and Winfrey, W. (2017). Contribution of Contraceptive Discontinuation to Unintended Births in 36 Developing Countries. Studies in Family Planning, 48(3), 269–278.
National Population and Family Planning Commission, Statistics Indonesia, Indonesian Ministry of Health, and ICF. (2018). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017.
Polis, C. B., Bradley, S. E. K., Bankole, A., Onda, T., Croft, T., and Singh, S. (2016). Contraceptive Failure Rates in the Developing World: An Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data in 43 Countries.
Rothman, K. J., Wise, L. A., Sí¸rensen, H. T., Riis, A. H., Mikkelsen, E. M., and Hatch, E. E. (2013). Volitional Determinants and Age-related Decline in Fecundability: A General Population Prospective Cohort Study in Denmark. Bone, 99(7), 1958–1964.
Sedgh, G., and Ball, H. (2008). Abortion in Indonesia. In brief (Issue 2).
Singh, A., Singh, A., and Thapa, S. (2015). Adverse Consequences of Unintended Pregnancy for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1481–NP1491.
Singh, S., Darroch, J. E., and Ashford, L. S. (2014). Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Investing Sexual and Reproductive Health 2014.
Sundaram, A., Vaughan, B., Kost, K., Bankole, A., Finer, L., Singh, S., and Trussell, J. (2017). Contraceptive Failure in the United States: Estimates from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 49(1), 7–16.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice, and The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2014). Female age-related fertility decline. Fertility and Sterility, 101(3), 633–634.
USAID. (2018). DHS Contraceptive Calendar Tutorial: The Demographic and Health Survey Program.
Vollenhoven, B., and Hunt, S. (2018). Ovarian Aging and the Impact On Female Fertility. F1000Research, 7.
World Health Organization. (2012). Safe abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. In World Health Organization (Second ed). WHO Press.
World Health Organization. (2016). Selected Practice Recommendation for Contraceptive Use (Third edition). Department of Reproductive Health and Research.
World Health Organization, and John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs. (2018). Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2018 update) (Updated 3r). CCP and WHO Press.
Zapata, L. B., Murtaza, S., Whiteman, M. K., Jamieson, D. J., Robbins, C. L., Marchbanks, P. A., D'Angelo, D. V., and Curtis, K. M. (2015). Contraceptive Counseling and Postpartum Contraceptive Use. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 212(2), 171.e1-171.e8.
Copyright ©2022 Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan (Journal of Biometrics and Population)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. Copyright of all journal manuscripts is held by the Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan.
2. Formal legal provisions to access digital articles of the electronic journals are subject to the provision of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which means that Jurnal Kesehatan Biometrika dan Kependudukan to keep, transfer media/format, manage in the form of databases, maintain, and publish articles.
3. Published manuscripts both printed and electronic are open access for educational, research, and library purposes. Additionally, the editorial board is not responsible for any violations of copyright law.