Economic Growth and Its Determinants in Less-Developed Regions: A Panel Quantile Approach
Downloads
Economic growth is an important phenomenon because it is closely related to the ultimate goal of development, namely community welfare. However, not all regions in Indonesia have experienced an increase in economic growth. Less-developed regions are among those with low economic growth. This study aims to analyze the determinant of economic growth in 40 less-developed regions of Indonesia during 2015-2022 using a quantile panel regression analysis tool. The results show that the fixed capital formation, population, and human development have a significant positive effect on economic growth at low, medium, and high levels of economic growth. The internet usage variable has a significant positive effect on low and medium economic growth levels but has no effect on high economic growth levels. The access to clean water variable has a significant positive effect on low economic growth levels but has a significant negative effect on medium economic growth levels. Meanwhile, at high economic growth levels, access to clean water has no effect. The government is more committed to accelerating development and the community must actively cooperate in regional development to increase regional economic growth.
Abdillah, K. (2023). Pengaruh Digitalisasi dan Variabel-Variabel Ekonomi terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Asia. Journal of Economics Development STIE Muhammadiyah Palopo, 9(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.35906/jep.v9i1.1368
Ali, A., Ramakrishnan, S., Faisal, F., Bazhair, A. H., Sulimany, H. G. H., & Rahman, S. U. (2024). Does Escaping The Natural Resource Curse Complement Evading The Financial Resource Curse Too? Empirical Evidence from Indonesia. International Review of Economics & Finance, 91, 539–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.01.023
Anisa. (2010). Penggunaan Uji Kointegrasi pada Data Kurs IDR terhadap AUD. Journal of Mathematics, Statistics, And Computers, 7(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.20956/jmsk.v7i1.3365
Ministry of National Development Planning/ National Development Planning Agency Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. (2023). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB). Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://data.go.id/home
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Neraca Ekonomi. Badan Pusat Statistik. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2024 dari https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table?subject=531
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data 3rd ed. Southern Gate: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bandung City Government. (2016). Kurangnya Pertumbuhan Infrastruktur Dasar Menyebabkan Daerah Tertinggal. Portal Bandung. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://www. bandung.go.id/news/read/844/kurangnya-pertumbuhan-infrastruktur-dasar-menyebabkan-daerah-tertinggal
Bere, R. C., Otoiu, A., & Bucerzan, I. (2014). Determinants of Economic Growth in Cities Acting as Growth Poles in Regions from Romania. Procedia Economics and Finance, 10(14), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00415-8
Buhai, S. (2004). Quantile Regression: Overview and Selected Applications. Ad-Astra-The Young Romanian Scientists’ Journal, 4(February), 1–20.
Burdisso, T., & Sangi´acomo, M. (2016). Panel Time Series : Review of The Methodological Evolution. The Stata Journal, 2, 424–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1601600210
Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi untuk Mendorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Inovasi. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://www.ekon.go.id/publikasi/detail/3150/kemajuan-iptek-untuk-mendoro ng-pertumbuhan-ekonomi-dan-inovas
Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Tren Positif Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Terus Berlanjut di Tengah Upaya Menjaga Momentum Pemulihan Ekonomi. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://ekon.go.id/publikasi/detail/4541/tren-positif-pertumbuhan-ekonomi-indonesia-terus-berlanjut-di-tengah-upaya-menjaga-momentum-pemulihan-ekonomi
Damrah, S., Satrovic, E., Atyeh, M., & Shawtari, F. A. (2022). Employing the Panel Quantile Regression Approach to Examine the Role of Natural Resources in Achieving Environmental Sustainability: Does Globalization Create Some Difference? Mathematics, 10(4795), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10244795
Darma, B. (2021). Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kabupaten Tebo Tahun 2016-2020. Jurnal Citra Ekonomi, 2(1), 86–92.
Deliarnov. (2015). Development of Economic Thought. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of Population and Affluence on CO2 Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
Directorate General of Financial Balance. (2017). Portal Data APBD. Kementerian Keuangan. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/portal/data/apbd
Fajariah, M., & Suryo, D. (2020). Sejarah Revolusi Industri di Inggris Pada Tahun 1760-1830. HISTORIA : Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.24127/ hj.v8i1.2214
Flores, C. A., Flores-Lagunes, A., & Kapetanakis, D. (2014). Lessons From Quantile Panel Estimation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Econometric Reviews, 33(8), 815–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2013.806148
Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing Sross-sectional Correlation in Panel Data. Journal of Econometrics, 69, 393–414.
Frees, E. W. (2004). Longitudinal and Panel Data: Analysis and Applications in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fridyansyah, R. W., Erza, O., & Mandai, S. (2023). Identifikasi Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 3(2), 3049–3058. https://doi.org/10.25105/jet.v3i2. 17089
Friedman, M. (1937). The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association,32, 675–701.
Guo, H., & Zhang, Z. (2023). An Empirical Study of Factors Influencing Australia’s GDP. Atlantis Press, 101, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-042-8_83
Hadush, M., Gebregziabher, K., & Biruk, S. (2023). Determinants of Economic Growth in East African Countries : A Dynamic Panel Model Approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2239629
Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I. (1998). Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others? National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w6564
Harjanto, T. (2021). Kebijakan Kependudukan Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. CENDEKIA Jaya, 3(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.47685/cendekia-jaya.v3i1.126
Hasegawa, H., & Hamori, S. (2016). Determinants of Economic Growth in East Asia: A BMA Approach: Development Challenges for Low and Middle-Income Asia. Moving Up the Ladder, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814725170_0002
Heryani, N. (2021). Pengembangan Teknologi Panen Air Hujan untuk Memenuhi Kebutuhan Domestik di Indonesia. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan, 15(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10. 21082/jsdl.v15n2.2021.117-129
Hjalmarsson, E., & Österholm, P. (2007). Testing for Cointegration Using the Johansen Methodology when Variables are Near-Integrated. IMF Working Paper 7(141). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0294-6
Hossain, M. S., & Mitra, R. (2013). The Determinants of Economic Growth in Africa : A Dynamic Causality and Panel Cointegration Analysis. Economic Analysis and Policy, 43(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(13)50019-1
Hoyos, R. E. De, & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-sectional Dependence in Panel-Data Models. The Stata Journal, 4, 482–496.
Hutajulu, D. M., Panjawa, J. L., Islami, F. S., & Sugiharti, R. R. (2020). Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Berkelanjutan Wilayah Induk dan Pemekaran di Kawasan Timur Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 23(2), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v23i2.3293
Jones, C. I. (2002). Sources of U.S. Economic Growth in a World of Ideas. American Economic Review, 92(220–239).
Jones, C. I., & Vollrath, D. (2013). Introduction to Economic Growth: Third International Student Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Katingka, N. (2024). Permasalahan Jaringan Internet di Papua Mananti Penuntasan. Kompas. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2024/03/05/ permasalahan-jaringan-internet-di-papua-mananti-penuntasan
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Strategi Kebijakan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN). Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Negara. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/artikel/baca/13287/Strategi-Kebijakan-Pemulihan-Ekonomi-Nasional.html
Koenker, R. (2004). Quantile Regression for Longitudinal Data. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 91(1), 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2004.05.006
Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Econometrica. The Econometric Society, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
Kusnandar, V. B. (2023). Kabupaten Supiori Memiliki Penduduk yang Paling Sedikit se-Indonesia. Databoks. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2024 dari https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/ 2023/04/28/kabupaten-supiori-memiliki-penduduk-yang-paling-sedikit-se-indonesia
Kwakwa, P. A. (2023). Sectoral Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Africa: Can Renewable Energy Mitigate The Effect? Research in Globalization, 6(100130), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100130
Lela, C., Kharimah, Hilmi, M., Muzdhalifah, & Pratama, G. (2023). Analisis Dampak Penggunaan Internet Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu Ekonomi, 2(2), 40–48.
Li, C., & Li, G. (2020). Does Environmental Regulation Reduce China’s Haze Pollution? An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Quantile Regression. PLOS ONE, 15(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240723
Liu, X., & Feng, J. (2022). The Impact of Internet Economy on Economic Growth. IIE Annual Conference and Exposition 2022, pp.158–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-036-7_24
Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1(22), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304 3932(88)90168-7
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to The Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2(107), 407–437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
Manurung, W., Fajar, M., & Noviar. (2022). Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Banten. Jurnal Kebijakan Pembangunan Daerah, 6(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.56945/ jkpd.v6i2.184
Munguía, R., Davalos, J., & Urzua, S. (2019). Estimation of the Solow-Cobb-Douglas Economic Growth Model with A Kalman Filter: An Observability-Based Approach. Heliyon, 5(6), e01959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01959
Mustain, A., Patra, I. K., & Maming, R. (2023). Pengaruh Human Development Index (HDI) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Luwu Raya. Efektor, 10(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/ 10.29407/e.v10i1.19359
Mustika, C. (2011). Pengaruh PDB dan Jumlah Penduduk Terhadap Kemiskinan di Indonesia Periode 1990-2008. Jurnal Paradigma Pembangunan, 1(4), 12–23. https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.22437/paradigma.v0iOktober.57
Nachrowi, N. D., & Usman, H. (2006). Pendekatan Populer dan Praktis Ekonometrika Untuk Analisis Ekonomi dan Keuangan. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
Nasution, D. M., & Rachmawati, I. (2020). Pengaruh Internet Service Provider Quality (ISP Quality) Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan dengan Internet Usage Rate sebagai Moderator pada Indihome di Kota Medan. EProceedings of Management, 7(1), 365–372. https://open librarypublications.telkomuniversity.ac.id/index.php/management/article/view/11653%0Ahttps://openlibrarypublications.telkomuniversity.ac.id/index.php/management/article/viewFile/11653/11518
Nurwanda, A., & Rifai, B. (2018). Diagnosis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Output Potensial Indonesia. Kajian Ekonomi Dan Keuangan, 2(3), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.31685/ kek.v2i3.385
Panjawa, J. L., & Sugiharti, R. R. (2021). Pengantar Ekonometrika Dasar. Magelang: Pustaka Rumah C1nta.
Papua Provincial Government. (2017a). Mahasiswa Diajak Gunakan Internet Secara Positif. Pemerintah Provinsi Papua. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://papua.go.id/i ndex.php/view-detail-berita-5091/mahasiswa-diajak-gunakan-internet-secara-positif.html
Papua Provincial Government. (2017b). Pemerintah Provinsi Klaim Pelayanan Bidang Pendidikan Alami Peningkatan. Pemerintah Provinsi Papua. Accessed 12 Juni 2024. https://www.papua.go.id/index.php/view-detail-berita-4531/pemprov-klaim-pelayanan-bidang-pendidikan-alami-peningkatan.html
Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series with An Application to The PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466604203073
Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2018). PMTB, Faktor Penting Dorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2024 dari https://jogjaprov.go.id/berita/pmtb-faktor-penting-dorong-pertumbuhan-ekonomi
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 131 Tahun 2015 Tentang Penetapan Daerah Tertinggal Tahun 2015-2019, 1 (2015).
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 63 Tahun 2020 tentang Penetapan Daerah Tertinggal Tahun 2020-2024, Kementerian Sekretariat Negara 1 (2020). https://jdih.setkab. go.id/PUUdoc/176108/Perpres_Nomor_63_Tahun_2020.pdf
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435.
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Sross-section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Purnamasari, I., & Amaliah, I. (2023). Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Inflasi, dan Akses Internet Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Tahun 2013-2022. BandungConference Series: Economics Studies, 3(1), 251–258. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcses.v3i1.7094
Putri, R. G., & Idris. (2022). Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Pengguna Internet dan Konsumsi Energi Listrik di Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 3(4), 73–80. http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/students/index.php/epb/index
Rahmawati, Y. O. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (TPAK), dan Pengeluaran Pemerintah di Sektor Kesehatan dan Pendidikan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia Periode 1995-2017. Jurnal Ilmiah, 1–12.
Romdiati, H., Surtiari, G. A. K., Kusumaningrum, D., Prasojo, A. P. S., & Katherina, L. K. (2019). Orang Asli Papua, Kondisi Sosial Demografi Dan Perubahannya. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Romer, D. (2012). Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. The Journal Of Political Economy, 5(94), 1002–1037.
Russ, J., Zaveri, E., Desbureaux, S., Damania, R., & Rodella, A.-S. (2022). The Impact of Water Quality on GDP Growth: Evidence from Around The World. Water Security, 17, 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100130
Saba, C. (2024). Kabupaten Kupang Raih Sembilan Inovasi. Radio Republik Indonesia. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2024 dari https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/701127/kabupaten-kupang-raih-sembilan-inovasi
Shariff, N. S. M., & Hamzah, N. A. (2015). A Robust Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Sectional Dependence. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods Article, 14(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1446351180
Sucahyo, N. (2023). Lebih 600 Ribu Anak Papua Tak Sekolah, Apa yang Salah? VOA Indonesia. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2024 dari https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/lebih-600-ribu-anak-papua-tak-sekolah-apa-yang-salah-/7153107.html
Sukirno, S. (2011). Makroekonomi Teori Pengantar Edisi Ketiga (3rd ed.). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Tampubolon, E. G., Irvan, M., & Hartono, D. (2022). Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2014-2020. Journal of Applied Business and Economic (JABE), 9(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.30998/jabe.v9i1.14711
Taussig, R. D. (2024). Pension Expenses, Risk, and Implications for Stock Returns. Finance Research Letters, 61(January), 105016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105016
Thaddeus, K. J., Ngong, C. A., Nebong, N. M., Akume, A. D., Eleazar, J. U., & Onwumere, J. U. J. (2021). Selected Macroeconomic Determinants and Economic Growth in Cameroon (1970 – 2018) “Dead or Alive” an ARDL Approach. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 4(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-05-2021-0061
Thalib, B., Mala, S., & Kamal, M. (2023). Pengaruh Pembangunan Infrastruktur Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Kota Ternate. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Unkhair, 14(1), 1–13.
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2011). Pembangunan Ekonomi Edisi Sebelas (11th ed.). Jakarta: Erlangga.
Tropp, H. (2005). Making Water a Part of Economic Development: The Economic Benefits of Improved Water Management and Services. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). https://siwi.org/publications/making-water-a-part-of-economic-development-the-economic-benefits-of-improved-water-management-and-services/
Tugcu, C. T. (2018). Chapter 8 - Panel Data Analysis in the Energy-Growth Nexus (EGN). The Economics and Econometrics of the Energy-Growth Nexus, 1, 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812746-9.00008-0
Ugochukwu, U. S., & Chinyere, U. P. (2013). The Impact of Capital Formation on the Growth of Nigerian Economy. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(9), 36–43.
United Nation. (2023). Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Eployment and Decent Work for All. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8
Varszegi, B. (2018). On The Convergence and The Steady State in A Delayed Solow Model. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(14), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.205
Vedia-Jerez, D. H., & Chasco, C. (2016). Long-Run Determinants of Economic Growth in South America. Jurnal of Appied Economics, 19(1), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(16)30007-1
Wahana Visi Indonesia. (2023). Krisis di Sumba Barat Daya, Tempuh Jarak 6 Km Demi Air Bersih. Wahana Visi Indonesia. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2024 dari https://wahanavisi.org/id/media-materi/media/detail/krisis-di-sumba-barat-daya-tempuh-jarak-6-km-demi-air-bersih
Wau, T., Sarah, U. M., Pritanti, D., Ramadhani, Y., & Ikhsan, M. S. (2022). Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Negara ASEAN : Model Data Panel. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi & Bisnis, 13(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v13i2.5205.
Westerlund, J. (2005). New Simple Tests for Panel Cointegration. Econometric Reviews, 24(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930500243019
Widarjono, A. (2018). Ekonometrika Pengantar dan Aplikasinya Disertai Panduan Eviews Edisi Kelima. Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN.
World Bank. (2024a). GDP Growth (Annual %). The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?view=chart
World Bank. (2024b). Water Overview: Development News, Research, and Data. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/overview
Zahiripour, S. A. (2023). A natural logarithm sliding mode controller for stochastic time-delay systems. European Journal of Control, 73, 100882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcon.2023.100882
Zarkovic, M., Cetkovic, J., Redzepagic, S., Durovic, G., Vujadinovic, R., & Zivkovic, A. (2022). Economic Growth Determinants in New and Old EU Countries with Focus on Construction. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(6), 1622–1648. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17598
Zasriati, M. (2022). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Pendapatan Perkapita dan Pembentukan Modal Terhadap Perekonomian Di Provinsi Jambi Tahun 2016-2020. Al Fiddhoh: Journal of Banking, Insurance, and Finance, 3(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.32939/fdh.v3i1.1134
Zhang, Y., & Cheng, L. (2023). The Role of Transport Infrastructure in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence in The UK. Transport Policy, 133, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.01.017
Copyright (c) 2025 Fania Malik, Jihad Lukis Panjawa, Fitrah Sari Islami, Rr. Retno Sugiharti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JDE (Journal of Developing Economies) (p-ISSN: 2541-1012; e-ISSN: 2528-2018) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
- The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
- The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
- The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
