Analysis of Factors Affecting the Stress Level and Self-Medication Practice in Primary Dysmenorrhea in Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic
Downloads
Background: During the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, reports of adolescent pain and worsening of the menstrual cycle increased with increasing stress levels. Objective: Analysis of determinant factors that influence the ability to self-medication for menstrual pain, including socio-demography and medical history, to determine the effect of stress levels on the menstrual cycle of adolescent women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The method is descriptive observational, through a cross-sectional study on adolescent females in Indonesia was conducted in October-November 2020. Data collection through a simple survey method using a self-medication online questionnaire survey and the Kessler psychological distress scale (KPDS) by consecutive sampling technique. About 258 women agreed to participate in the study. The results are presented in the form of frequency and percentage (%), and the determinants are analyzed using χ2-test and binary logistic regression models. Result: About 78.3% of respondents had stress during the pandemic COVID-19 with primary dysmenorrhea (70.2%), and 58.9% of respondents had low self-medication for managing primary dysmenorrhea. The predictors of self-medication understanding were the mother's education level and history of menstrual pain (p-value = 0.045; 0.005). In addition, respondents' stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic affected their menstrual cycles (OR=5.110; 95% CI: 1.767–14.782, p-value=0.003). Conclusion: The role of pharmacists in the community and mothers as pioneers of family health is vital in increasing the understanding and implementation of the practice of self-medication for primary dysmenorrhea. This role needs to manage the stress of adolescent women. It can affect the reduction in the menstrual cycle, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Al Dhaheri, A. S., Bataineh, M. F., Mohamad, M. N., Ajab, A., Al Marzouqi, A., Jarrar, A. H., Habib-Mourad, C., Jamous, D. O. A., Ali, H. I., Al Sabbah, H., Hasan, H., Stojanovska, L., Hashim, M., Elhameed, O. A. A., Obaid, R. R. S., ElFeky, S., Saleh, S. T., Osaili, T. M., & Ismail, L. C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on mental health and quality of life: Is there any effect? A cross-sectional study of the MENA region. PLoS ONE; 16(March 3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249107
Ansong, E., Arhin, S. K., Cai, Y., Xu, X., & Wu, X. (2019). Menstrual characteristics, disorders and associated risk factors among female international students in Zhejiang Province, China: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Women's Health, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0730-5
Aolymat, I. (2021). A cross-sectional study of the impact of COVID-19 on domestic violence, menstruation, genital tract health, and contraception use among women in Jordan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104(2), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1269
Aolymat, I., Khasawneh, A. I., & Al-Tamimi, M. (2022). COVID-19-Associated Mental Health Impact on Menstrual Function Aspects : Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome, and Genitourinary Tract Health : A Cross-Sectional Study among Jordanian Medical Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 1439. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031439
Arafa, A. E., Senosy, S. A., Helmy, H. K., & Mohamed, A. A. (2018). Prevalence and patterns of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome among Egyptian girls (12–25 years). Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 23(4), 486–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2018.01.007
Armour, M., Parry, K., Al-Dabbas, M. A., Curry, C., Holmes, K., MacMillan, F., Ferfolja, T., & Smith, C. A. (2019). Self-care strategies and sources of knowledge on menstruation in 12,526 young women with dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220103
Armour, M., Parry, K., Manohar, N., Holmes, K., Ferfolja, T., Curry, C., Macmillan, F., & Smith, C. A. (2019). The Prevalence and Academic Impact of Dysmenorrhea in 21,573 Young Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Women's Health, 28(8), 1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7615
Astari, D. W., & Kismiantini. (2019). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Health Insurance Ownership with Binary Logistic Regression Model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012011
Bae, J., Park, S., & Kwon, J. W. (2018). Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause. BMC Women's Health, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x
Bennadi, D. (2014). Self-medication: A current challenge. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.128253
Bruinvels, G., Goldsmith, E., Blagrove, R., Martin, D., Shaw, L., Piasecki, J., Ye, Y., Tong, L., Chen, B., Zhao, R., Cao, W., Li, P., Zhang, S. X., Hausner, T., Mittermayr, R., & Schaden, W. (2021). How lifestyle changes within the COVID-19 global pandemic have affected the pattern and symptoms of the menstrual cycle. MedRxiv, 1–30. https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.01.21250919
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Vilca, L. W., Carbajal-León, C., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Barés, I., Calandra, M., Anacona, C. A. R., López-Calle, C., Moreta-Herrera, R., Chacón-Andrade, E. R., Lobos-Rivera, M. E., del Carpio, P., Quintero, Y., Robles, E., Lombardo, M. P., Recalde, O. G., ... Videla, C. B. (2021). Socio-Demographic Variables, Fear of COVID-19, Anxiety, and Depression: Prevalence, Relationships and Explanatory Model in the General Population of Seven Latin American Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(November), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695989
Chen, L., Tang, L., Guo, S., Kaminga, A. C., & Xu, H. (2019). Primary dysmenorrhea and self-care strategies among Chinese college girls: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(9), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026813
Cohut, M. (2021). Long COVID and periods: The unspoken impact on female well-being. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/long-covid-and-periods-the-unspoken-impact-on-female-well-being#How-this-has-affected-quality-of-life
Critchley, H. O. D., Babayev, E., Bulun, S. E., Clark, S., Garcia-Grau, I., Gregersen, P. K., Kilcoyne, A., Kim, J. Y. J., Lavender, M., Marsh, E. E., Matteson, K. A., Maybin, J. A., Metz, C. N., Moreno, I., Silk, K., Sommer, M., Simon, C., Tariyal, R., Taylor, H. S., ... Griffith, L. G. (2020). Menstruation: science and society. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223(5), 624–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.004
de Sanctis, V., Soliman, A. T., Daar, S., Di Maio, S., Elalaily, R., Fiscina, B., & Kattamis, C. (2020). Prevalence, attitude, and practice of self-medication among adolescents and the paradigm of dysmenorrhea self-care management in different countries. Acta Biomedica, 91(1), 182–192. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9242
Demir, O., Sal, H., & Comba, C. (2021). Triangle of COVID, anxiety, and menstrual cycle. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41(8), 1257–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1907562
Dhawan, A., & Hernole, J. (2020). Effect of Perceived Pandemic Stress and Sleep Variation on Menstrual Cycle Occurrence, its Severity and Premenstrual Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Women's Health and Development, 03(04), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.26502/fjwhd.2644-28840052
Edelman, A., Boniface, E. R., Benhar, E., Han, L., Matteson, K. A., Favaro, C., Pearson, J. T., & Darney, B. G. (2022). Association Between Menstrual Cycle Length and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination. Obstetrics & Gynecology, Publish Ah(00), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000004695
Esfandiari, L., Nepal, A., Rafi, S. M., & Kannan, G. (2018). Self-medication and role of the pharmacist in patient education. International Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 2–5.
Ferin, M. (2008). The Hypothalamic Hypophyseal-Ovarian Axis and the Menstrual Cycle. Global Women's Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3843/GLOWM.10283
Fitzsimmons, C. (2019). Teenage girls are more stressed and anxious under lockdown than boys. https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/teenage-girls-more-stressed-and-anxious-under-lockdown-than-boys-20200515-p54tg8.html
Grandi, G., Ferrari, S., Xholli, A., Cannoletta, M., Palma, F., Romani, C., Volpe, A., & Cagnacci, A. (2012). Prevalence of menstrual pain in young women: What is dysmenorrhea? Journal of Pain Research, 5, 169–174. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S30602
Haeriyah, S., Sar, D. R., Susilowati, Y., & Faridah, I. (2019). Relationship status with nutrition and psychological stress on order menstrual cycles for young women. Nursing & Care Open Access Journal, 6(5), 180–183. https://doi.org/10.15406/ncoaj.2019.06.00205
Hennegan, J., Shannon, A. K., Rubli, J., Schwab, K. J., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2019). Women's and girls' experiences of menstruation in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. In PLoS Medicine (Vol. 16, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002803
Jawad, M. J., Abbas, M. M., Jawad, M. J., Hassan, S. M., & Hadi, N. R. (2021). Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations Post Covid-19 Outbreak. WiadomoÅ›ci Lekarskie, 74(12), 3156–3159. https://doi.org/10.36740/wlek202112106
Lee, C. H., Chang, F. C., Hsu, S. Der, Chi, H. Y., Huang, L. J., & Yeh, M. K. (2017). Inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and its association with lower medication literacy and substance use. PLoS ONE, 12(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189199
Matyas, R. A., Mumford, S. L., Schliep, K. C., Ahrens, K. A., Sjaarda, L. A., Perkins, N. J., Filiberto, A. C., Mattison, D., Zarek, S. M., Wactawski-Wende, J., & Schisterman, E. F. (2015). Effects of over-the-counter analgesic use on reproductive hormones and ovulation in healthy, premenopausal women. Human Reproduction, 30(7), 1714–1723. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev099
McNamara, A., Harris, R., & Minahan, C. (2020). Menstrual Cycle Change During COVID-19: Sharing some early results. https://blogs.bmj.com/bjsm/2020/11/20/menstrual-cycle-change-during-covid-19/
Mikhael, S., Punjala-Patel, A., & Gavrilova-Jordan, L. (2019). hypothalamic-pituitary axis disorders impacting female fertility. Biomedicines, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7010005
Miller, V. T. (1988). Diagnosis and initial management of stroke. Comprehensive Therapy, 14(7), 57–65. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0301/afp20140301p341
Nareswari, I., Azizah, H. A. F., Murniasih, M., Sinaga, R. D., Novika, R. G. H., & Sari, A. N. (2021). Corelation of Stress Levels During Covid-19 Pandemic and Menstrual Cycle of Diploma IV Midwifery Student of Sebelas Maret University. PLACENTUM: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Dan Aplikasinya, 9(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.20961/placentum.v9i3.54667
Nguyen, B. T., Pang, R. D., Nelson, A. L., Pearson, J. T., Noccioli, E. B., Reissner, H. R., von Schwarzenfeld, A. K., & Acuna, J. (2021). Detecting variations in ovulation and menstruation during the COVID-19 pandemic, using real-world mobile app data. PLoS ONE, 16(October 10 2021), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258314
Nugraha, B., Wahyuni, L. K., Laswati, H., Kusumastuti, P., Tulaar, A. B., & Gutenbrunner, C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: Situation and challenges of rehabilitation medicine in Indonesia. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 52(3), 299–305.
Oliveira, M. A., Bendo, C. B., Paiva, S. M., Vale, M. P., & Serra-Negra, J. M. (2015). Determining Cut-Off Points for the Dental Fear Survey. Scientific World Journal, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/983564
Ozimek, N., Velez, K., Anvari, H., Butler, L., Goldman, K. N., & Woitowich, N. C. (2022). Impact of Stress on Menstrual Cyclicity During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Survey Study. Journal of Women's Health, 31(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0158
Parra-Fernández, M. L., Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Abreu-Sánchez, A., Ramos-Pichardo, J. D., Iglesias-López, M. T., & Fernández-Martínez, E. (2020). Management of primary dysmenorrhea among university students in the south of spain and family influence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155570
Phelan, N., Behan, L. A., & Owens, L. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women's Reproductive Health. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12(March), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.642755
Rafique, N., & Al-Sheikh, M. H. (2018). Prevalence of menstrual problems and their association with psychological stress in young female students studying health sciences. Saudi Medical Journal, 39(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.1.21438
Ravens-Sieberer, U., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Devine, J., Schlack, R., & Otto, C. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5
Rifati, W., & Sudiarti, T. (2020). A Family History as Dominant Factors Associated with Dysmenorrhea Among Adolescents. Journal of Health and Medical Sciences, 3(1), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1994.03.01.102
Rutter, P. (2015). Role of community pharmacists in patients'-ovarian self-care and self-medication. Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice, January, 57. https://doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s70403
Sharp, G. C., Fraser, A., Sawyer, G., Kountourides, G., Easey, K. E., Ford, G., Olszewska, Z., Howe, L. D., Lawlor, D. A., Auvergne, A., & Maybin, J. A. (2021a). The COVID-19 pandemic and the menstrual cycle: research gaps and opportunities. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab239
Sharp, G. C., Fraser, A., Sawyer, G., Kountourides, G., Easey, K. E., Ford, G., Olszewska, Z., Howe, L. D., Lawlor, D. A., Auvergne, A., & Maybin, J. A. (2021b). The COVID-19 pandemic and the menstrual cycle: research gaps and opportunities. International Journal of Epidemiology, 5, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab239
Singh, R., Sharma, R., & Rajani, H. (2015). Impact of stress on menstrual cycle: A comparison between medical and nonmedical students. Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 4(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-0521.157886
Takmaz, T., Gundogmus, I., Okten, S. B., & Gunduz, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19-related mental health issues on menstrual cycle characteristics of female healthcare providers. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 47(9), 3241–3249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14900
Thau, L., Gandhi, J., & Sharma, S. (2021). Physiology, Cortisol. StatPearls Publishing LLC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538239/
Thibaut, F., & van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M. (2020). Women's Mental Health in the Time of Covid-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Global Women's Health, 1(December), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2020.588372
Thiyagarajan, D. K., Basit, H., & Rebecca, J. (2020). Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. In StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500020/
Tran, T. D., Kaligis, F., Wiguna, T., Willenberg, L., Nguyen, H. T. M., Luchters, S., Azzopardi, P., & Fisher, J. (2019). Screening for depressive and anxiety disorders among adolescents in Indonesia: Formal validation of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale – revised and the Kessler psychological distress scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246(August 2018), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.042
United Nations. (2020). Policy Brief : The Impact of Covid-19 on Women. In United Nations (Issue April).
Yamakoshi, B. (2020). Mitigating the impacts of COVID-19 on menstrual health and hygiene. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, April, 1–8.
Yamamoto, K., Okazaki, A., Sakamoto, Y., & Funatsu, M. (2009). The relationship between premenstrual symptoms, menstrual pain, irregular menstrual cycles, and psychosocial stress among Japanese college students. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 28(3), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.28.129
Yilmaz, S. K., Bohara, A. K., & Thapa, S. (2021). The stressor in the adolescence of menstruation: Coping strategies, emotional stress & impacts on school absences among young womenNepalepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178894.
Copyright (c) 2022 JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The copyright of this journal belongs to the Editorial Board and Journal Manager with the author's knowledge, while the moral right of the publication belong to the author.
2. The formal legal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike (CC BY-NC-SA), which implies that the publication can be used for non-commercial purposes in its original form.
3. Every publication (print/electronic) is open access for educational, research, and library purposes. In addition to the objectives mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright infringement
.jpg)
