Analysis of Antibiotic Use in COVID-19 Patients at a Hospital in Sidoarjo
Downloads
Background: Antibiotics are given to COVID-19 patients to treat bacterial co-infections, but excessive and inappropriate antibiotic use can increase antibiotic resistance. Objective: The study aims to analyze the antibiotic use and bacterial susceptibility in COVID-19 patients at a hospital in Sidoarjo - East Java. Method: The research design used was a prospective cross-sectional study using data collection of sputum culture, bacterial susceptibility, medical records, and Pharmacy antibiotics usage from August to October 2021. The Research sample is moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients. Result: The results showed that in August-October 2021, 32 patients met the study sample category, where the most were men (56.25%), age range 46-55 years (31.25%), and outcome recovered as much as 81.25%. The culture results showed that only 1 (one) person out of 32 samples had bacterial growth. The only bacteria that grew in the sputum culture was Enterobacter aerogenes, susceptible to meropenem but resistant to levofloxacin. The highest quantity of antibiotics in this study was levofloxacin 71,16; meropenem 32.25; moxifloxacin 21.84 DDD/ 100 bed days. Conclusions: Most of the cases of COVID-19 occurred in men; the age range was 46-55 years, and the outcome recovered was more than those who died. Bacterial co-infection occurred in 3.12% of patients who received meropenem and levofloxacin during their hospitalization. The largest quantity of antibiotics used was levofloxacin, meropenem, and moxifloxacin. The combination of meropenem and levofloxacin should be re-evaluated because levofloxacin is resistant but still susceptible to meropenem.
Alldredge BK, Corelli RL, Ernst ME, Guglielmo BJ, Jacobson PA, Kradjan WA, et al. (2013). Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Wolter Kluwer Health. 10: 1437-1460.
Bains K, Seo DJ, Wang J, et al. (2020). Recurrent High-Grade Enterobacter aerogenes Bacteremia in a Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. AJG; S1739. doi: 10.14309/01.ajg.0000715408.97311.c5
Biswas M., Rahaman S., Biswas T.K., et al. (2021). Association of Sex, Age and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intervirology. 64; 36 - 47. doi: 10.1159/ 000512592
Cao B, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, et al. (2020). A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 382 (19); 1787 - 1798. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
Cheng S, Zhao Y, Wang F et al. (2021). Comorbidities Potential Impact on Severe and Non-severe Patients with COVID-19. Medicine.100;12. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024971
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2014). M100-24 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. 34(1); 1-106
Catano-Correa JC, Cardona-Arias JA, Mancilla JPP, et al. (2021). Bacterial Superinfection in Adults with COVID-19 Hospitalized in Two Clinics in Medellin-Colombia.Plos One. 1-12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254671
COVID-19 STP. PetaSebaranCOVID-19. (2021). https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran. Accessed: 14 Maret 2021.
Gay L.R, Mills G.E., Airasian P. (2012). Educational Research: Competencies for analysis and applications. 10th ed. Pearson Inc. Boston.
Grau S, Echeverria-Esnal D, Gomez-Zorilla S, Navarrete-Rouco ME, Masclans JR, Espona M, et al. (2021). Evolution of Antimicrobial Consumption During the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics.10 (132); 1-11. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020132
Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z. (2021). Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Microbiology.19; 141 - 152. doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
Jin J-M, Bai P, He W et al. (2020). Gender Differences in Patients with COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Front. PublicHealth. 8; 152. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
Joshua P. Metlay*, Grant W. Waterer*, et al. (2019). Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 200, e45–e67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2019. Jakarta.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2015). Program Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba di Rumah Sakit. Jakarta.
Khan M, Adil SF, Alkhathlan HZ, Tahir MN, Saif S, Khan M, et al. (2021). COVID-19: A Global Challenge with Old History, Epidemiology, and Progress so Far. Molecules.26 (39); 1-20. doi: 10.3390/molecules26010039
Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, et al. (2020). Bacterial Co-infection and Secondary Infection with COVID-19: A Living Rapid Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 26; 1622-1629. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016
Lavan AH, Gallagher P. (2016). Predicting Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions in Older Adults. TherAdv Drug Saf. 7 (1); 11-22. doi: 10.1177/2042098615615472
Leng J, Goldstein DR. (2010). Impact of Aging on Viral Infections. Microbes Infect.12 (14-15); 1120-4. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.009
Mahmoudi H. (2020). Bacterial Co-infection and Antibiotic Resistance in Patients with COVID-19. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control. 15; 1-26. doi: 10.3205/dgkh000370.
Neldi V, Suharjono. (2020). Remdesivir: Mechanism and Effectiveness for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.7; 39-48.
PDPI, PERKI, PAPDI, PERDATIN, IDAI. (2020). Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19. 3;1-46
Putra DE, Retnoningrum D, Arkhaesi N, et al. (2021). Pola Pemberian Antibiotik di Era Pandemi COVID-19 (Studi Kasus di Rumah Sakit Nasional Diponegoro). Med Hosp.8(2); 194-199. doi: 10.36408/mhjcm.v8i2.578
Raimondi F, Novelli L, Ghirardi A, et al. (2021). COVID-19, and Gender: Lower Rate but Same Mortality of Severe Disease in Women-an Observational Study. BMC Pulm Med. 21; 96. doi: 10.1186/s12890-021-01455-0.
Scroggs S.L.P, OfferdahlD.K, Flather D.P, Morris C.N, Kendall B.L, Broeckel R.M, et al. (2020). Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Exhibit Low Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Viruses. 13(8):2-12. doi: 10.3390/v13010008.
Setiadi AP, Wibowo YI, Halim SV, Brata C, Presley B, Setiawan E. (2020). Tata Laksana Terapi Pasien dengan COVID-19 : Sebuah Kajian Naratif. Jurnal Farmasi Klinik Indonesia. 9(1); 70-94.
Suda KJ, Hicks LA, Roberts RM, Hunkler RJ, Taylor TH. (2014). Trends and Seasonal Variation in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Rates in the United States, 2006-2010. AAC Journal. 58(5); 2763-2765. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02239-13
Tsatsakis A, Calina D, Falzone L, Petrakis D, Mitrut R, Slokas V, et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Pathophysiology and its Clinical Implication: An Integrative Overview of the Pharmacotherapeutic Management of COVID-19. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 146 (111769); 1 - 14. doi: 10.1016/ j.fct.2020.111769
Wang M, Zhao R, Gao L, Gao X, Wang D, Cao J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-based Therapeutics Development. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 10; 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587269
World Health Organization. (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://covid19.who.int/table. Accessed: 11 April 2021
World Health Organization. (2018). WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption.Switzerland.
World Health Organization. (2016). WHO Methodology for a Global Program on Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption. 1; 1-12.
Copyright (c) 2022 JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The copyright of this journal belongs to the Editorial Board and Journal Manager with the author's knowledge, while the moral right of the publication belong to the author.
2. The formal legal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike (CC BY-NC-SA), which implies that the publication can be used for non-commercial purposes in its original form.
3. Every publication (print/electronic) is open access for educational, research, and library purposes. In addition to the objectives mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright infringement
.jpg)
