Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. as Antihepatitis and Hepatoprotective for Children
Downloads
Background: The incidence of hepatitis in children has grown from the normal number of hepatitis cases since January 2022, and it will continue to rise since the etiology and pathophysiology are unknown. This case is distinct from those caused by the hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a medicinal herb that has long been used in medicine to treat respiratory, digestive, and immune system problems, but it is also known to have an inhibitory impact on the virus. Coronavirus-associated acute respiratory syndrome, hepatitis, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus. Objective: This article will look at Glycyrrhiza glabra L.'s antihepatitis and hepatoprotective properties. Methods: The Pubmed, Sage Journal, and Sciencedirect databases were searched using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards and the keywords "Glycyrrhiza glabra for hepatitis." The inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed. Results: From the search results, 17 publications were discovered that explain how Glycyrrhiza glabra L. can operate as an antihepatitis agent through anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and hepatoprotective mechanisms. Conclusion: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. can be used as an anti-hepatitis and hepatoprotective in children at doses ranging from 240-480mg/kg/day.
Adianti, M., Aoki, C., Komoto, M., Deng, L., Shoji, I., Wahyuni, T.S., ... & Hotta, H. (2014). Anti"hepatitis C virus compounds obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and other Glycyrrhiza species. Microbiology and immunology; 58(3): 180-187.
Al-Qarawi, A.A., Abdel-Rahman, H.A., Ali, B.H., & El Mougy, S.A. (2002). Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and the adrenal-kidney-pituitary axis in rats. Food and chemical toxicology; 40(10); 1525-1527.
Alexander, E. C., & Deep, A. (2022). Characterization of a Hepatitis Outbreak in Children, 2021 to 2022. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2237091-e2237091.
Ali, M., Khan, T., Fatima, K., Ali, Q.U.A., Ovais, M., Khalil, A.T., Ullah, I., Raza, A., Shinwari, Z.K., Idrees, M. (2018). Selected hepatoprotective herbal medicines: Evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanism of actions. Phytother Res; 32(2); 199-215. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5957.
Al-Razzuqi, R., Al-Jawad, F., Al- Hussaini, J., Al-Jeboori, A. (2012). Hepatoprotective effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra in carbon tetrachloride-induced model of acute liver injury. J Phys Pharm Adv; 2; 259-63
Anagha, K., Manasi, D., Priya, L., Meera, M. (2014). Scope of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Yashtimadhu) as an Antiviral agent: A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci; 3(12); 657-665
Ashfaq, U.A., Masoud, M.S., Nawaz, Z. (2011). Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against Hepatitis C Virus. J Transl Med; 9; 112. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-9-112
Baker JM, Buchfellner M, Britt W, Sanchez V, Potter JL, Ingram LA, Shiau H, Gutierrez Sanchez LH, Saaybi S, Kelly D, Lu X, Vega EM, Ayers-Millsap S, Willeford WG, Rassaei N, Bullock H, Reagan-Steiner S, Martin A, Moulton EA, Lamson DM, St George K, Parashar UD, Hall AJ, MacNeil A, Tate JE, Kirking HL. 2022. Acute Hepatitis and Adenovirus Infection Among Children – Alabama. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 6(18); 638-640. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7118e1.
Basar, N., Oridupa, O. A., Ritchie, K. J., Nahar, L., Osman, N. M. M., Stafford, A., ... & Sarker, S. D. (2015). Comparative cytotoxicity of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots from different geographical origins against immortal human keratinocyte (HaCaT), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Phytotherapy Research; 29(6); 944-948.
Bell, R. F., Moreira, V. M., Kalso, E. A., & Yli-Kauhaluoma, J. (2021). Liquorice for pain?. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology; 11; 20451253211024873.
Bisht, D., Rashid, M., Arya, R.K.K., Kumar, D., Chaudhary, S.K., Rana, V.S., Sethiya, N.K. (2022). Revisiting liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as anti-inflammatory, antivirals and immunomodulators: Potential pharmacological applications with mechanistic insight. Phytomed Plus; 2(1);100206. doi: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100206.
Branswell, H. (2022). CDC investigating 109 unusual hepatitis cases in kids in outbreak. https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/06/cdc-looking-at-cases-of-109-children-in-suspected-hepatitis-outbreak/
Cao, Y., Shi, H., Sun, Z., Wu, J., Xia, Y., Wang, Y., ... & Lu, Y. 2019. Protective effects of magnesium glycyrrhizinate on methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity and intestinal toxicity may be by reducing COX-2. Frontiers in pharmacology; 10; 119.
Cecilia, P., Thomas, E., (2012). Antiviral Medicinal Herbs and Phytochemicals. Journal of Pharmacognosy; 3(1); 45-48
Chan, H.T., Chan, C., Ho, J.W. (2003). Inhibition of glycyrrhizic acid on alfatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity of hepatoma cells. Toxicology; 188:211–217
Champe PC, Harvey RA, Ferrier DR. Biochemistry. Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009
Cheel, J., Onofre, G., Vokurkova, D., Tůmová, L., & Neugebauerova, J. 2010. Licorice infusion: Chemical profile and effects on the activation and the cell cycle progression of human lymphocytes. Pharmacognosy Magazine; 6(21); 26.
Chen, F.P., Chang, C.M., Wu, T.P., Yang, J.L., Kung, Y.Y., Huang, Y.H., Su, C.W., Lan, K.H., Chiang, S.C., Hwang, S.J. (2017). Clinical efficacy of Rong-Yang-Jyh-Gan-Tang on patients with chronic hepatitis C: A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. J Ethnopharmacol; 196;1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.013.
Chowdhury, B., Bhattamisra, S. K., & Das, M. C. (2013). Anti-convulsant action and amelioration of oxidative stress by Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in albino rats. Indian journal of pharmacology; 45(1); 40.
Chugh, A., Maximos, M., Perlman, M., Gonzalez-Peralta, R.P. (2016). Viral Hepatitis in Children: A Through E. Pediatric Annals; 45(12); e420-e6.
Clercq, E. (2000). Current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Med Res Rev;20;323–349
Conway, R., & Carey, J. J. 2017. Risk of liver disease in methotrexate treated patients. World Journal of Hepatology; 9(26);1092.
ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). (2001). Increase in severe acute hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology in children, ECDC: Stockholm.
Gupta, M., Sasmal, S. K., Karmakar, N., Sasmal, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2016). Experimental evaluation of antioxidant action of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots in potassium dichromate induced oxidative stress by assessment of reactive oxygen species levels. Inter. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. Res; 8(8); 1325-1333.
Huan, C., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Guo, T., Pan, H. and Gao, S. (2021). Research Progress on the Antiviral Activity of Glycyrrhizin and its Derivatives in Liquorice. Front. Pharmacol; 12;680674. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680674
ITIS. Accessed on 7 june 2022. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26718#null . diakses pada 7 juni 2022
Jenko, B., TomÅ¡iÄ, M., Jekić, B., Milić, V., Dolžan, V., & Praprotnik, S. (2018). Clinical pharmacogenetic models of treatment response to methotrexate monotherapy in Slovenian and Serbian rheumatoid arthritis patients: differences in patient's management may preclude generalization of the models. Frontiers in pharmacology; 9; 20.
Kimura, M., Inoue, H., Hirabayahi, K., Natsume, H., Ogihara, M. (2001). Glycyrrhizin and some analogues induce growth of primary cultured adult rat hepatocytes via epidermal growth factor receptors. Eur J Pharmacol; 431;151–161
Korenaga, M., Hidaka, I., Nishina, S., Sakai, A., Shinozaki, A., Gondo, T., (2011). A Glycyrrhizin-Containing Preparation Reduces Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Hepatitis C Virus Protein and Iron in Mice. Liver Int; 31(4); 552–560. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02469.x
Lin, Chien"Chu; Weng, Meng"Tzu; Chung, Chen"Shuan; Liang, Cheng"Chao. (2019). The dramatic effect of intravenous glycyrrhizin on acute"on"chronic hepatic failure in chronic hepatitis B patients without liver cirrhosis. Advances in Digestive Medicine; 6;153–157. doi:10.1002/aid2.13131
Mamedov, N. A., & Egamberdieva, D. (2019). Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological effects of licorice: a review. Plant and Human Health; 3; 1-21.
Maksoud, H.A., Magid, A., Mostafa, Y.M., Elharrif, M., Sorour, R., & Sorour, M. (2018). Ameliorative Effect of Liquorice Extract Versus Silymarin in Experimentally Induced Chronic Hepatitis: A Biochemical and Genetical Study. Clinical Nutrition Experimental; 23. doi: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.10.005.
Matsumoto, Y., Matsuura, T., Aoyagi, H., Matsuda, M., Hmwe, S.S., Date, T., (2013). Antiviral Activity of Glycyrrhizin against Hepatitis C Virus In Vitro. PLoS One; 8(7); e68992. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068992
Matsuo, K., Takenaka, K., Shimomura, H., Fujii, N., Shinagawa, K., Kiura, K., 2001. Lamivudine and Glycyrrhizin for Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis in a Chronic HBV Carrier with NonHodgkin Lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma; 41(1-2);191–195. doi:10.3109/ 10428190109057970
Moore, M.M., Elpern, D.J., Carter, D.J. (2004). Generalized nummular eczema secondary to interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Arch Dermatol; 140;215-217.
Nakagawa, K., Kitano, M., Kishida, H., Hidaka, T., Nabae, K., Kawabe, M., & Hosoe, K. (2008). 90-Day repeated-dose toxicity study of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) in rats. Food and chemical toxicology; 46(7); 2349-2357.
Nazari, S., Rameshrad, M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2017). Toxicological effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice): a review. Phytotherapy research; 31(11); 1635-1650.
Ng, V., Science, M., Feld, J., et al. (2022). Severe acute hepatitis in children of unknown etiology. Science Briefs of the Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table. https://doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2022.03.63.1.0
Polansky, H., & Lori, G. (2020). Effects of Gene-Eden-VIR and Novirin on SARS-CoV: Implications for COVID-19. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine; 25; 2515690X20932523.
Rad, S.J., Quispe, C., Herrera-Bravo, J., Belén, L.H., Kaur, R., Kregiel, D., ... & Suleria, H.A.R. (2021). Glycyrrhiza Genus: Enlightening Phytochemical Components for pharmacological and health-promoting abilities. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2021.
Radhakrishnan, N., Gnanamani, A., & Sadulla, S. (2005). Effect of licorice (Glycyhrriza glabra Linn.), a skin-whitening agent on Black molly (Poecilia latipinnaa). Journal of applied cosmetology; 23(4); 149.
Richard, S.A. (2021). Exploring the pivotal immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potentials of glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids. Mediators of Inflammation. 2021.
Romero, M.R., Efferth, T., Serrano, M.A., Castaño, B., Macias, R.I.R., Briz, O., (2005). Effect of Artemisinin/artesunate as Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus Production in an "In Vitro" Replicative System. Antiviral Res; 68(2); 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.005
Ruszymah, B.H.I., Nabishah, B.M., Aminuddin, S., & Khalid, B.A.K. (1995). Effects of glycyrrhizic acid on right atrial pressure and pulmonary vasculature in rats. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension; 17(3); 575-591.
Ryder S, Beckingham I. 2001. Acute hepatitis. BMJ.322(7279):151-3.
Sato, H., Goto, W., Yamamura, J., Kurokawa, M., Kageyama, S., Takahara, T. Shiraki, K. (1996). Therapeutic basis of glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Research; 30(2–3); 171–177.
Saito, Z., Kaneko, Y., Kinoshita, A., Kurita, Y., Odashima, K., Horikiri, T., ... & Kuwano, K. (2016). Effectiveness of hepatoprotective drugs for anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a retrospective analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases; 16(1); 1-6.
Sharma, V.A.R.S.H.A., & Agrawal, R.C. (2013). Glycyrrhiza glabra-a plant for the future. Mintage J Pharm Med Sci; 2(3); 15-20.
Sharma, V., Agrawal, A. (2014). In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on carbon tetra chloride (CCl 4) induced oxidative-stress mediated hepatotoxicity. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci; 2(1);314-320
Sharma, V., Katiyar, A., & Agrawal, R.C. (2018). Glycyrrhiza glabra: chemistry and pharmacological activity. Sweeteners, 87.
Shi, X., Yu, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Du, P. (2020). Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates hepatic inflammation injury in viral hepatitis disease via a HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol; 84;106578. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106578.
Shin, S., Jang, J.Y., Choi, B.I., Baek, I.J., Yon, J.M., Hwang, B.Y., ... & Kim, Y.B. (2008). Licorice extract does not impair the male reproductive function of rats. Experimental animals; 57(1);11-17.
Subrat, K.A., Sreenivas, V., Siddharth, D.G., Shakti, K., Yogesh, K.C., Anurag, T., Aejaz, H., Premashish, K., Abhijit, C., Gourdas, C., Shiv, K.S., Amarapurkar, D.N., Vidya, A., Mohan, D.G., Sushma, G., Deepali, M., Divya, S., Rohit, G., Badri, N.T. (2012). Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis due to Hepatitis C Virus (CH-C) in India: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Daily Interferon-alfa-2b and Ribavirin with Daily Interferon-alfa-2b and Glycyrrhizin A Multicenter Study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology; 2(1); 10-18.
Sulaiman, H.A., Sulaiman, A.S. (2012). Obat herbal pada penyakit hati. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Hati. 1 st ed. Jakarta: Sagung Seto, p:639-45.
Takahara, T., Watanabe, A., and Shiraki, K. (1994). Effects of Glycyrrhizin on Hepatitis B Surface Antigen: a Biochemical and Morphological Study. J. Hepatol; 21(4); 601–609. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(94)80108-8
Tan, Q.Y., Hu, Q., Zhu, S.N., Jia, L.L., Xiao, J., Su, H.Z., ... & Jin, J. (2018). Licorice root extract and magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate protect against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via up-regulation of the Nrf2 pathway. Drug delivery; 25(1); 1213-1223.
Tang, J.L., 2006. Research priorities in traditional Chinese medicine. BMJ; 333(7564); 391–394.
Tang, B., Qiao, H., Meng, F., Sun, X. (2007). Glycyrrhizin attenuates endotoxin-induced acute liver injury after partial hepatectomy inrats. Braz. J. Med Biol. Res; 40; 1637–1646.
Thakur, A.K., & Raj, P. (2017). Pharmacological perspective of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn: A mini-review. J. Anal. Pharm. Res; 5(5); 00156.
UKHSA. (2022). Investigation into acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children in England, technical briefing, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1073704/acute-hepatitis-technical-briefing-2.pdf
Wahab, S., Annadurai, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, M.F., ... & Amir, M. (2021). Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. Plants; 10(12); 2751.
Wang, J., Chen, X., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Jin, Y., ... & Yang, G. (2013). Glycyrrhizic acid as the antiviral component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. against coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 of hand foot and mouth disease. Journal of ethnopharmacology; 147(1); 114-121.
WHO. 2022. COVID-19, Ukraine and other global health issues. Virtual press conference transcript. World Health Organization.
WHO. (2022). Multi-Country”Acute, Severe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376 (accessed on 28 April 2022)
Xi, C., Peng, S., Wu, Z., Zhou, Q., & Zhou, J. (2017). Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 90; 531-541.
Yang, Q., Wang, J., Liu, R., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, X., Huang, Y., Xie, W., Wei, H. (2016). Amelioration of concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis by magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate through inhibition of CD4+CD25-CD69+ subset proliferation. Drug Des Devel Ther; 10;443-453. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S92440.
Zadeh, J.B., Kor, Z.M., & Goftar, M.K. (2013). Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn) as a valuable medicinal plant. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research; 1(10); 1281-1288.
Zhang, H., Ya, G., & Rui, H. (2017). Inhibitory effects of triptolide on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics; 42(1); 89-98.
Ziaei, S., & Halaby, R. (2016). Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of triptolide: A mini review. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine; 6(2); 149.
Copyright (c) 2023 JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The copyright of this journal belongs to the Editorial Board and Journal Manager with the author's knowledge, while the moral right of the publication belong to the author.
2. The formal legal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike (CC BY-NC-SA), which implies that the publication can be used for non-commercial purposes in its original form.
3. Every publication (print/electronic) is open access for educational, research, and library purposes. In addition to the objectives mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright infringement