Prinsip Proporsionalitas dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang Terhadap UUD NRI 1945 (Studi Perbandingan di Indonesia dan Jerman)
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Abstract
In several decisions that have been decided by the Mahkamah Konstitusi, some of the judges considerations only test norms with benchmarks contrary to the UUD NRI 1945 or not? However, MK has not tested the basis of the petition itself, there are limitation of rights, open legal policy, and the real harm felt by the petitioner. Therefore, it is necessary to have a principle of proportionality that can be used by judges to assist in deciding cases related to limiting rights and open legal policy. In order to know the concept of the principle of proportionality, it is necessary to conduct a comparative study between Indonesia and Germany by analyzing the concept and development of this principle. The method used is legal research with a statute approach, a case approach, a comparative approach and a conceptual approach. From the results of these studies, it was found that the principle of proportionality in Germany was well conceptualized and developed rapidly. In fact, this principle has become a general principle in the Germany Federal Constitutional Court. Meanwhile in Indonesia, this principle is still unknown and undeveloped like Germany.
Keywords: The Principle of Proportionality; Legitimate Aim; Suitability; Neccesity; Balancing in Narrow Sense.
Abstrak
Dalam beberapa putusan yang telah diputus oleh MK, beberapa pertimbangan hakim hanya menguji norma dengan tolak ukur bertentangan dengan UUD NRI 1945 atau tidak? Namun, MK belum menguji sampai kepada dasar dari permohonan itu sendiri, yaitu pembatasan hak, open legal policy, dan kerugian yang nyata dirasakan oleh pemohon. Maka dari itu, perlu adanya prinsip proporsionalitas yang dapat digunakan para hakim untuk membantu memutus perkara yang berkaitan dengan pembatasan hak dan open legal policy. Agar mengetahui konsep dari prinsip proporsionalitas, maka perlu melakukan studi perbandingan antara Indonesia dan Jerman dengan menganalisis konsep dan perkembangan prinsip tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah legal research dengan pendekatan statute approach, case approach, comparative approach dan conceptual appoach. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa prinsip proporsionalitas di Jerman telah terkonsep dengan baik dan berkembang dengan pesat. Bahkan prinsip tersebut telah menjadi prinsip umum dalam Germany Federal Constitutional Court. Sedangkan di Indonesia, prinsip tersebut masih belum dikenal oleh MK. Sehingga, proporsionalitas belum memiliki konsep yang jelas dan tidak berkembang seperti negara Jerman.
Kata Kunci: Prinsip Proporsionalitas; Legitimate Aim; Suitability; Neccesity; Balancing in Narrow Sense.
Buku
Aharon Barak, Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and Their Limitations (Cambridge University Press 2012).
Bisariyadi, [et.,al.], Laporan Hasil Penelitian: Penafsiran Konstitusi dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar (Kepaniteraan dan Sekretariat Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia 2016).
Kai Moller, The Global Model of Constitutional Rights (Oxford University Press 2012).
Mathias Klatt dan Moritz Meister, The Constitutional Structure of Proportionality (Oxford University Press 2012).
Niels Petersen, Proportionality and Judicial Activism – Fundmental Rights Adjudication in Canada, Germany and South Africa (Cambridge University Press 2017).
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum (Kencana Prenada Media Group 2005).
Stephanus Hendrianto, "Against the Currents: The Indonesian Constitutional Court in an Age of Proportionality”, dalam by Po Jen Yap, Proportioanlity in Asia (Cambridge University Press 2020).
Jurnal
Alec S. Sweet and Jud Mathews, ‘Proportionality Balancing and Global Constitutionalism' (2008) 47 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law.
Bernhard Schlink, ‘Proportionality In Constitutional Law: Why Everywhere But Here?' (2012) 22 Duke Journal Of Comparative Law And International Law.
Bisariyadi, ‘Penerapan Uji Proporsionalitas Dalam Kasus Pembubaran Partai Politik: Sebuah Perbandingan' (2018) 48 Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan.
Gertrude Lubbe-Wolff, Bielefeld, ‘The Principle of Proportionality in The Case-Law of The German Federal Constitutional Court' (2014) 34 Human Rights Law Journal.
Julian Rivers, ‘Proportionality and Variable Intensity of Review' (2006) 65 The Cambridge Law Journal.
M. Laica Marzuki, ‘Judicial Review di Mahkamah Konstitusi' (2004) 1 Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia.
Ralf Poscher, ‘Proportionality and the Bindingness of Fundamental Rights' (2020) Proportionality in Crime Control and Criminal Justice, Billis/Knust/Rui (eds.) Hart Publishing, fothcoming. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3617525, diakses pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2020.
Sefriani, ‘Kewenangan Negara Melakukan Pengurangan Dan Pembatasan Terhadap Hak Sipil Politik' (2012) 1 Jurnal Konstitusi.
Yutaka ARAI-Takahashi, ‘Proportionality - a German approach' (1999) Amicus Curiae Issue.
Skripsi
Ilham Magribi, Penerapan Prinsip Proporsionalitas Dalam Penafsiran Mahkamah Konstitusi Terhadap Limitation Clause Dalam UUD 1945 (Skripsi pada Program Sarjana Universitas Padjadjaran 2018).
Perundang-undangan
UUD NRI 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2009 Nomor 157).
Jerman
Grundgesetz 1949 with Amandements through 2014.
Putusan
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 011-017/PUU-I/2003.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 9/PUU-VII/2009.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 152/PUU-VII/2009.
