Pengaturan Perlindungan Satwa Terancam di Daerah Konflik Bersenjata
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Abstract
Humans are often regarded as the only victims that are affected by the armed conflicts. But apparently not only humans, there are also the other living creatures that become the victims of the armed conflicts those are animals included threatened animals. Threatened animals are part of biological diversity that have a high extinction risk level because of the small amount of their populations that requires intensive protection. There are numbers of armed conflicts that happened in the world states where the threatened animals become the victims of it. Threatened animals have to experience the declining of their populations due to the destruction of their habitat, illegal trades of them for financing the conflicts, illegal poaching for their meats, or killed by the weapons that used during the conflicts. The results of this research demonstrates that the International Law through the International Environmental Law and International Humanitarian Law have indirectly provided the regulations about threatened animals in the armed conflict area.
Keywords: Threatened Animals; Protection; Regulation.
Abstrak
Manusia sering kali dianggap sebagai satu-satunya korban yang terdampak akibat terjadinya konflik bersenjata. Namun ternyata bukan hanya manusia saja, terdapat makhluk hidup lain yang juga turut menjadi korban akibat dari konflik bersenjata di suatu wilayah negara yaitu satwa termasuk satwa terancam. Satwa terancam yang merupakan bagian dari keanekaragaman hayati memiliki tingkat risiko kepunahan yang tinggi karena populasinya yang sedikit sehingga memerlukan perlindungan yang intensif. Terdapat beberapa konflik bersenjata yang terjadi di berbagai negara di dunia di mana satwa terancam menjadi salah satu korban dari konflik tersebut. Satwa terancam mengalami pengurangan jumlah populasi akibat rusaknya habitat mereka, perdagangan satwa terancam tersebut untuk membiaya konflik, perburuan liar satwa terancam untuk dikonsumsi, atau terbunuhnya satwa terancam akibat terkena serangan senjata yang digunakan dalam konflik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Hukum Internasional melalui Hukum Lingkungan Internasional dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional telah sama-sama memberikan pengaturan terkait perlindungan satwa terancam di daerah konflik bersenjata walaupun bukan merupakan pengaturan yang mengatur secara langsung.
Kata Kunci: Satwa Terancam; Perlindungan; Pengaturan.
Buku
C . De Rover, To Server and To Protect: Acuan Universal Penegakan HAM (Raja Grafindo Persada 2000).
Daniella Dam-De Jong, International Law and Governance of Natural Resources in Conflict and Post-Coflict Situations (Cambridge University Press 2015).
J.G. Starke, Pengantar Hukum Internasional Edisi 2 (Sinar Grafika 1989).
Otto Soemarwoto, Indonesia dalam Kancah Isu lingkungan Global (Gramedia Pustaka Utama 1991).
Patricia Birnie, [et., al.], International Law and the Environment (Oxford University Press 2009).
Philippe Sands, [et., al.], Documents in International Environmental Law (Cambridge University Press 2004).
Jurnal
Desy Churul Aini, [et., al.], ‘Environmental Protection in Armed Conflict According to International Humanitarian Law' (2018) 3 Tadulako Law Review.
Joseph P, Dudley, [et., al.], ‘Effects of War and Civil Strife on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats' (2002) 16 Conservation Biology.
Nessia Marga Letta, ‘Analisis Pengaturan Internasional tentang "Prinsip Maksud Damai” dan Bentuk Penerapannya dalam Kegiatan Antariksa' (2012) 9 Jurnal Analisis dan Informasi Ke-dirgantaraan.
Soekotjo, ‘Konservasi Ex-situ Cendana: Aplikasi dan Tantangannya' (2001) 5 Berita Biologi.
Viola Vincze, ‘The Role of Customary Principles of International Humanitarian Law in Environmental Protection'(2017) 2017 Pécs Journal of International and European Law.
Laman
Centre of International Law National University of Singapore, ‘Agreement on The Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources' (Centre of International Law National University of Singapore, 2009 <https://cil.nus.edu.sg/databasecil/1985-agreement-on-the-conservation-of-nature-and-natural-resources/> accessed 15 september 2019.
ICRC, <https://ihl-data-bases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/460?OpenDocument> accessed 20 Oktober 2019.
ICRC Blog, ‘Protokol Tambahan I dan II Tahun 1977' (ICRC, 2012), <https://blogs.icrc.org/indonesia/protokol-tambahan-i-dan-ii-tahun-1977/> accessed 29 Desember 2019.
Katie Reilly, ‘The Congo's Civil War Is Wiping Out Gorilla Populations' (Time.com, 2016) <https://time.com/4282616/the-congos-civil-war-is-wiping-out-gorilla-populations/> accessed 15 Agustus 2019.
Maya Wei-Hass, "The Animal Cost of War” (Smithsonianmag.com, 2018) <https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/animal-cost-of-war-180967806/> accessed 15 September 2019.
Mongobay.com, ‘Wars kill wildlife in Africa's protected areas, study finds' (Mongobay.com, 2018) <https://news.mongabay.com/2018/01/wars-kill-wildlife-in-africas-protected-areas-study-finds/> accessed 15 November 2019.
Pengaturan Internasional
Hague Convention (IV) 1907, Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War.
Geneva Convention (IV) 1949, Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.
Additional to the Geneva Convention 1949, and Relating to The Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I) 1977.
ASEAN Agreement on The Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1985
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992.
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.
Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction 1993.
