Tinjauan Analisis Panel dan Appellate Body WTO Pada Sengketa Hambatan Teknis Dalam Perdagangan
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Abstract
One of the WTO disputes that have recently been rife are disputes over technical barriers. Within the WTO itself, arrangements related to technical barriers are contained in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). Generally, disputes over technical barriers are associated with violations of the provisions of Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT. However, what constitutes a violation of the non-discrimination principle in Article 2.1 of the TBT? And what is the basis for the violation of the provisions of Article 2.2 TBT? This article will attempt to explore the elements of violations in Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT. The analysis will refer to previous disputes such as the DS381 (US-Tuna II Case), DS384 (US-COOL Case), and DS406 (US-Clove Cigarette Case). These disputes contain various landmark decisions that produce new precedents which are then later to be used as a reference on future technical barriers dispute. This article attempts to describe the interpretation and analysis of the panel and the appellate body in analyzing the elements of violations of the provisions of Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT.
Keywords: Technical Barriers, Non-Discrimination, Unnecessary trade restrictive barriers
Abstrak
Salah satu sengketa WTO yang akhir-akhir ini marak terjadi adalah sengketa hambatan teknis. Dalam WTO itu sendiri, pengaturan terkait dengan hambatan teknis termuat dalam Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (Perjanjian TBT). Umumnya, sengketa hambatan teknis dikaitkan dengan pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan Pasal 2.1 dan 2.2 TBT. Namun demikian, apa yang disebut sebagai pelanggaran terhadap prinsip non-diskriminasi dalam Pasal 2.1 TBT? Dan apa yang menjadi dasar adanya pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan Pasal 2.2 TBT? Artikel ini akan berupaya mengupas unsur-unsur pelanggaran dalam Pasal 2.1 dan 2.2 TBT. Analisa tersebut akan mengacu pada sengketa terdahulu seperti DS381 (US-Tuna II Case), DS384 (US-COOL Case), dan DS406 (US-Clove Cigarette Case). Ketiga sengketa tersebut memuat berbagai landmark decision yang menghasilkan preseden-preseden baru yang kemudian dimanfaatkan sebagai rujukan pada sengketa hambatan teknis selanjutnya. Artikel ini berupaya untuk menjabarkan penafsiran dan analisa panel maupun appellate body dalam menganalisa unsur pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan Pasal 2.1 dan 2.2 TBT.
Kata Kunci: Hambatan Teknis, Non-Diskriminasi, Hambatan perdagangan yang tidak diperlukan
Buku
Daniel C.K. Chow, dan Thomas J. Shoenbaum, International Trade Law: Problems, Cases, and Materials, Ed. 2 (Wolters Kluwer, 2013).
Muhammad Sood, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Ed. 2 (Rajawali Pers, 2018).
Paul Erwin R. Simanjuntak, Anti Dumping Dalam WTO: Penentuan Harga Normal dan Produk Sejenis Dalam Menetapkan Kebijakan (Jala Permata Aksara, 2019).
Jurnal
Aktieva Tri Tjitrawati, ‘Pembentukan Kerangka Hukum Internasional Bagi Pencegahan Perdagangan Kayu Ilegal' (2012), 27 Yuridika.
Alessandra Arcuri, ‘Back to the Future: US-Tuna II and the New Environment-Trade Debate', (2012), 3 European Journal of Risk Regulation.
Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, ‘Suatu Kajian Umum Tentang Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional Termasuk di Dalam Tubuh ASEAN' (2012) 17 Jurnal Perspektif.
Intan Soeparna, ‘An Analysis of the Role of Economic Actors in the WTO Dispute Settlement System' (2015), 30 Yuridika.
Jonathan Carlone, ‘An Added Exception to the TBT Agreement After Clove, Tuna II, and Cool' (2014) 37 Boston College International and Comparative Law Review.
Juanita Fonseca Duffo, et.al., ‘The Legitimate Regulatory Distinction in the TBT Agreement: Evoulution, Criticism, and Perspectives' (2015), 12 Universitas Estudiantes.
Juscelino F. Colares, dan William P. Canterberry, ‘US-COOL: How the Appellate Body Misconstrued the National Treatment Principle, Severely Restricting Agency Discretion yo Promulgate Mandatory, Pro-Consumer Labeling Rules' (2017), 51 Journal of the World Trade.
Lucas Ballet, ‘Losing Flavor: Indonesia's WTO Complaints Against the U.S. Ban on Clove Cigarettes' (2011), 26 American University International Law Review.
Meredith A. Crowley, dan Robert Howse, ‘Tuna-Dolphin II: A legal and economic analysis of the Appellate Body Report' (2014), 13 World Trade Review.
Petros C. Mavroidis, ‘Last Mile for Tuna (to a Safe Harbour): What is the TBT Agreement All About?' (2019), 30 The European Journal of International Law.
Robert Howse, dan Philip I. Levy, ‘The TBT Panels: US-Cloves, US-Tuna, US-COOL' (2013) 12 World Trade Review.
Laman
World Trade Organization, ‘DS406: United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes', <https://www.wto.org/english/ Tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds406_e.htm> dikunjungi pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021.
World Trade Organization, ‘DS396: United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling Requirements', <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu _e/cases_e/ds386_e.htm>, dikunjungi pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021.
World Trade Organization, ‘DS381: United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products', , dikunjungi pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021.
Dokumen Internasional
World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, Reports of the Appellate Body, (WT/DS381/AB/R, 2012).
World Trade Organization, United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements, Reports of the Appellate Body, (WT/DS384/AB/R, WT/DS386/AB/R, 2012).
World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, Report of the Appellate Body, (WT/DS406/AB/R, 2012).
World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuns and Tuna Products, Report of the Panel, (WT/DS381/R, 2011).
World Trade Organization, United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements, Reports of the Panel, (WT/DS384/R, WT/DS386/R, 2011).
World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, Report of the Panel, (WT/DS406/R, 2011).
World Trade Organization, United States – Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements, Request for the Establishment of a Panel by Canada, (WT/DS384/8, 2009).
World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, US Appellee Submission, (DS381, 2012).
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