Analisis Hukum Humaniter Internasional Terhadap Penyerangan Dual Use Object Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Rusia Dan Ukraina
Downloads
International Humanitarian Law distinguishes between civilian and military objects in armed conflicts. However, complexity arises with dual-use objects. In the Russia-Ukraine conflict, attacks on Ukraine's energy infrastructure by Russia and the Kerch Strait Bridge by Ukraine raise legal questions. This research explores the status of dual-use objects and the legality of such attacks. Despite the absence of definite rules, some experts view them as potential military targets. Analysis indicates that Ukraine's energy infrastructure could be considered military, but Russia's attacks are deemed in violation of International Humanitarian Law. Conversely, the Kerch Strait Bridge cannot be categorized as a military object, making attacks against it a breach of international law. The importance of considering indirect impacts of attacks is also emphasized.
BUKU
Gary D Solis, The Law of Armed Conflict (Cambridge University Press 2010).
GPH Haryomataram, Hukum Humaniter (Edisi Pertama, Rajawali 1984).
Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine March 2023’ (2023).
Ian Henderson, The Contemporary Law of Targeting (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009).
KGPH Haryomataram, Pengantar Hukum Humaniter (Edisi Pert, Rajagrafindo Persada 2005).
Orly Maya Stern, Gender, Conflict and International Humanitarian Law (Andrej Zwitter, Joost Herman and Hassan Bashir eds, Routledge 2019).
Peter Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum (Edisi Revisi, Prenadamedia Group 2016).
Peter Rowe, The Gulf War 1990 – 91 in International and English Law (Routledge 1993).
William H. Boothby, The Law of Targeting (Oxford University Press 2012).
JURNAL
Adwani, ‘Perlindungan Terhadap Orang-Orang Dalam Daerah Konflik Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional’ (2012) 12 Jurnal Dinamika Hukum.
Henry Shue and David Wippman, ‘Limiting Attacks on Dual-Use Facilities Performing Indispensable Civilian Functions’ (2002) 35 Cornell International Law Journal.
Jadranka Petrovic, ‘Miscategorisation of the Old Bridge of Mostar in the Prlic et Al Case’ (2017) 6 Journal of the Philosophy of International Law.
Jeffrey Ding and Allan Dafoe, ‘Engines of Power: Electricity, AI, and General-Purpose, Military Transformations’ (2023) 8 European Journal of International Security.
Laurent Gisel, ‘The Principle of Proportionality In The Rules Governing The Conduct of Hostilities Under International Humanitarian Law’ (2016) ICRC.
Marco Sassoli, ‘Legitimate Targets of Attack Under International Law’ Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law, (2003).
Maurice Cotter, ‘Military Necessity, Proportionality and Dual-Use Objects at the ICTY: A Close Reading of the Prlić et Al. Proceedings on the Destruction of the Old Bridge of Mostar’ (2018) 23 Journal of Conflict and Security Law.
Nils Melzer, ‘International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction’ (2022) ICRC.
Salem Aessa Farhat, Rohaida Nurdin and Salawati Mat Basir, ‘Attacks Against Civilian Objects: An Analysis Under International Humanitarian Law’ (2022) 8
Hasanuddin Law Review.
Won Jang, ‘For Whom the Bell of Proportionality Tolls: Three Proposals for Strengthening Proportionality Compliance’ (2020) 102 International Review of the Red Cross.
WEBSITE
‘Ukraine: Russian Attacks on Energy Grid Threaten Civilians’ (Human Rights Watch, 12 Desember 2022) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/06/ukraine-russian-attacks-energy-grid-threaten-civilians> diakses 20 September 2023.
Ben Tobias, ‘Is attacking Ukraine’s power grid a war crime?’ (BBC, 1 December 2022) <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63754808> diakses 26 September 2023.
Charlie Dunlap J.D., ‘Is Attacking the Electricity Infrastructure Used by Civilians Always a War Crime?’ (Lawfire, 31 Januari 2023) < https://sites.duke.edu/lawfire/2022/10/27/is-attacking-the-electricity-infrastructure-used-by-civilians-always-a-war-crime/ > diakses 23 September 2023.
ICJ, ‘Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons’ (International Court of Justice,1996) <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/95> dikunjungi pada Januari 2024.
Jaco Cilliers, ‘Uncovering The Reality of Ukraine’s Decimated Energy Infrastructure: United Nations Development Programme’ (UNDP, 12 April 2023) <https://www.undp.org/eurasia/blog/uncovering-reality-ukraines-decimated-energy-infrastructure> diakses 23 September 2023.
Marko Milanovic dan Michael N. Schmitt, ‘Ukraine Symposium – the Kerch Strait Bridge Attack, Retaliation, and International Law’ (Lieber Institute West Point, 20 Juli 2023) https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kerch-strait-bridge-attack-retaliation-international-law/ diakses 4 Oktober 2023.
Michael Biesecker, ‘Key Russian Bridge to Crimea is struck again as Putin vows response to attack that killed 2’ (AP News, 17 July 2023) <https://apnews.com/article/crimea-bridge-russia-explosions-eafa1696fc5f2377cb83ac4b317c5386> diakses 26 September 2023.
Olena Harmash, ‘Ukraine’s SBU claims responsibility for last year’s Crimea bridge blast’ (Reuters, 26 July 2023) <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-sbu-claims-responsibility-last-years-crimea-bridgeblast-2023-07-26/> diakses 26 September 2023.
Paul D. Shinkman, ‘Ukraine Claims Responsibility for Attack on Kerch Strait Bridge’ (USNews, 17 July 2023) <https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2023-07-17/ukraine-claims-responsibility-for-attack-on-kerchstrait-bridge> diakses 26 September 2023.
Ukrainian World Congress, ‘Russian Terror On October 10: 19 Dead And 105 Wounded Ukrainian Civilians’ (Ukrainian World Congress, 2022) <https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/russian-terror-on-october-10-19-deadand-105-wounded-ukrainian-civilians/> diakses 26 September 2023
PUTUSAN
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) 1996.
Prosecutor v Galić, (Trial Chamber I Judgement and Opinion) ICTY-IT-98-29-T (5 Desember 2003).
Prosecutor v Prlić, (Trial Chamber Judgement) ICTY-IT-04-74-T (29 Mei 2013).
PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN
Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field (Lieber Code) Tahun 1986.
Konferensi Internasional (Den Haag), Konvensi Den Haag IV Tahun 1907 tentang Hukum dan Kebiasaan Perang di Darat, 18 Oktober 1907.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Protokol Tambahan I Tahun 1977 tentang Perlindungan Terhadap Korban dalam Sengketa Bersenjata Internasional, 8 Juni 1977, 1125 UNTS 3.
UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), 17 Juli 1998, ISBN No. 92-9227-227-6
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadia Azzahra, Lina Hastuti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
