Involuntary Celibacy (Incel) Phenomenon, the Latest Generation of Terrorism?
Downloads
Makalah ini berupaya mengkontekstualisasikan fenomena terorisme Involuntary Celibacy (Incel) atau selibasi tak sukarela dalam evolusi aksi terorisme. Pertanyaan yang akan dijawab oleh makalah ini adalah "apakah fenomena Incel merupakan salah satu keberlanjutan dari ideologi ekstremis yang termasuk ke dalam 4th Wave of Terrorism menurut Rapoport atau merupakan suatu bentuk ideologi ekstremis jenis baru? Untuk membahasnya makalah ini menggunakan kerangka analisis Four Wave of Terrorism dari David C. Rapoport. Makalah ini mengisyaratkan bahwa fenomena Incel merupakan fenomena mutakhir karena, secara ideologis fenomena ini memuat ideologi yang berbeda dari empat gelombang terorisme sebelumnya (anarkisme, anti-kolonial, kiri, dan religius). Incel juga merupakan satu-satunya ideologi teror yang tidak memiliki tujuan untuk menjatuhkan sebuah entitas besar seperti agama dan negara sejauh ini.
Kata-kata Kunci: Involuntary Celibacy, Terorisme, Wave of Terrorism.
This paper attempts to contextualize the Involuntary Celibacy or Incel phenomenon on a larger terrorism phenomenon. This paper seeks to answer "Whether Incel Phenomenon is a novel form of terrorism?” To answer the above-mentioned question, this paper utilizes David C. Rapoport Wave of Terrorism concept. This paper finds that Incel Phenomenon is a novel phenomenon because, ideologically, it bears no resemblance with the older wave of terrorism –anarchist, anti-colonial, left, and religious – and moreover, this paper also finds that Incel Phenomenon is the only form of terrorism which does not antagonize the state entity.
Keywords: Involuntary Celibacy, Terrorism, Wave of Terrorism.
Buku dan Bab dalam Buku
Chalk, P., et.al., 2009. The evolving terrorist threat to Southeast Asia: A net assessment. Rand Corporation.
Rapoport, D.C., 2013. "The four waves of modern terror: international dimensions and consequences”, dalam David C. Rapoport, An International History of Terrorism Routledge: 293-321.
McAllister, B. and Schmid, A.P., 2011. "Theories of terrorism”, dalam Chmidt, A.P, The Routledge handbook of terrorism research. Taylor & Francis: 219-289.
Jurnal dan Jurnal Daring
Baele et.al. 2019. "From "Incel” to "Saint”: Analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 Toronto attack”, Terrorism and Political Violence.
Scaptura, Maria N & Kaitlin M Boyle. 2019. "Masculinity Threat, "Incel” Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States”, Feminist Criminology, Vol 13 Issue 3, July 2020.
Garrison, A. H., 2004. "Defining Terrorism: Philosophy of the Bomb, Propaganda by Deed and Change through Fear and Violence”, Criminal Justice Studies, 17(3) pp. 259-279.
Gellerman, D. & Suddath, R., 2005. "Violent Fantasies, Dangerousness, and the Duty to Warn and Protect”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, pp. 484-495.
Ging, D., 2017. "Alphas, Betas and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere”, Men and Masculinities, 22(4), pp. 1-20.
Hoffman, B., et.al, 2020. "Assesing the Threat of Incel Violence”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), pp. 565-587.
Jaki, Sylvia et.al, 2019. "Online hatred of women in the Incels. me forum: Linguistic analysis and automatic detection”, Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 7(2), pp.240-268.
Murray, J.L., 2017. "The role of sexual, sadistic, and misogynistic fantasy in mass and serial killing”, Deviant behavior, 38(7), pp.735-743.
Papadamou, Kostantinos, et al. 2020. ""How over is it?” Understanding the Incel Community on YouTube." arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08293.
Scaptura, Maria N., and Kaitlin M. Boyle. "Masculinity threat,"incel” traits, and violent fantasies among heterosexual men in the United States", Feminist criminology,15(3), pp:278-298.
Ribeiro, Manoel Horta, et al., 2020. "From pick-up artists to incels: a data-driven sketch of the manosphere." arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.07600.
Zimmerman, S., et.al., 2018. "Recognizing the violent extremist ideology of ‘Incels'”, Women In International Security Policy Brief, 9:2018
Artikel Daring
BBC, 2018. "Elliot Rodger: How misogynist killer became 'incel hero'”, BBC, 28 Maret, [daring]. dalam: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43892189 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
BBC, 2020a. "Middlesbrough fantasist Anwar Driouich jailed for explosive substance”, BBC, 27 Maret, [daring] dalam: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-52071379 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
BBC, 2020b. "Teenage boy charged in Canada's first 'incel' terror case”. [Online] BBC, 20 Mei, [daring] dalam https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52733060 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Beauchamp, Z., 2018. "Incel, the misogynist ideology that inspired the deadly Toronto attack, explained”, Vox, 25 April, [daring] dalam: https://www.vox.com/world/2018/4/25/17277496/incel-toronto-attack-alek-minassian [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Berger, J., 2018. "The Difference Between a Killer and a Terrorist”, The Atlantic, 26 April, [daring] dalam https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/the-difference-between-killer-and-terrorist/558998/ [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Bostock, B., 2020. "The mass shooter who killed 9 in Germany published a racist manifesto where he identified as an incel and accused Trump of stealing his populist slogans”, The Insider, 20 Februari, [daring] dalam: https://www.insider.com/hanau-terrorist-manifesto-shows-non-white-hatred-incel-trump-theft-2020-2 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Brockbank, N., 2019. "Alek Minassian reveals details of Toronto van attack in video of police interview”, CBC, 27 September, [daring] dalam: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-police-interview-1.5298021 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
DiBranco, A., 2020. "Male Supremacist Terrorism as a Rising Threat”, ICCT, 10 Februari, [daring] dalam:https://icct.nl/publication/male-supremacist-terrorism-as-a-rising-threat/ [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Evans, M., 2020. "Counter-terrorism police investigate potential threat posed by violent 'incels'”, Telegraph, 6 Maret, [daring] dalam: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/06/counter-terrorism-police-investigate-potential-threat-posed/ [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Hoffman, B. & Ware, J., 2020. "Incels: America's Newest Domestic Terrorism Threat”, Lawfare, 12 Januari, [daring] dalam:https://www.lawfareblog.com/incels-americas-newest-domestic-terrorism-threat [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Jeltsen, M., 2019. "Man Arrested for Threatening to Kill 'As Many Girls as I see' on Day of Women's March”, huffpost, 23 Januari , [daring] dalam: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/man-arrested-for-threatening-to-kill-as-many-girls-as-i-see-on-day-of-womens-march_n_5c4887f7e4b025aa26bf24cf [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Koerner, C., 2019. "The Tallahassee Yoga Shooter Was Motivated by Hatred Toward Women, Police Say”, Buzzfeed News, 12 Februari, [daring] dalam: buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoerner/tallahassee-yoga-shooter-motivated-woman-hatred [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Mack, David, et.al., 2018. "The Tallahassee Shooter Was a Far-Right Misogynist Who Railed Against Women and Minorities Online”, Buzzfeed News, 5 November, [daring] dalam: buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/tallahassee-yoga-shooter-incel-far-right-misogyny-video [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Mail, The Globe and., 2018. "Toronto van attack: How you can help and what we know so far”, The Globe and Mail, 30 April, [daring] dalam: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-toronto-van-attack-what-we-know-so-far/ [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Odling, George, 2020. "Britain's first 'Incel' bomb maker: 'Involuntary celibate' who had no luck with women pleads guilty to possessing explosives and terrorist materials after saying he wanted to 'massacre this place'”, Dailymail, 26 Maret, [daring] dalam: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8157661/Britains-Incel-bomb-maker-told-friend-wanted-massacre-place.html [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Rosdahl, Jamilla, 2014. "Elliot Rodger: when sexual rejection turns deadly”, The Conversation, 27 Mei, [daring] dalam: https://theconversation.com/elliot-rodger-when-sexual-rejection-turns-deadly-27205 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Taylor, Jim, 2018. "The woman who founded the 'incel' movement”, BBC, 30 Agustus, [daring] dalam: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45284455 [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Lain-lain
Channel, C. E. N., 2014. "Elliot Rodger identified as suspect in deadly California shooting rampage” daring dalam: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egb7N34oBKU [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Rodger, E., 2014. "My Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger”, [daring] dalam: https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/1173619/rodger-manifesto.pdf [diakses pada 17 Agustus 2020].
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- Authors are unable to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work
- Authors are not permitted to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The Copyright Holder of the articles is Global Strategis
