European Union Cross-Border Refugees Securitization toward Freedom of Movement Regime 2015-2020
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The refugee crisis that occurred in Europe in 2015 has caused various challenges to the EU's asylum and migration policies. Migration flows from refugees have posed the threat of internal crises to pressure on the Freedom of Movement regime, namely the Schengen Agreement. This study discusses the securitization of cross-border refugees carried out by the European Union against the Freedom of Movement regime. The research analysis uses the framework of securitization theory by Buzan through a speech act by the European Union as a securitization actor in the security governance in line with theory proposed by Sperling & Webber. The study used qualitative methods by reviewing documents and interviews with related informants. The findings of this study indicate that the initial speech act by the European Union has failed because of the rejection from member. Thus, the securitization process experienced recursive interactions between the European Union and the member in security governance. This recursive process has changed the speech act process and extraordinary measurement by the European Union, which initially focused on humanitarian discourse, turned into a border security discourse to protect the achievement of the EU's core integration, namely Schengen.
Keywords: Refugee Crisis, Securitization, Border Security, European Union
Krisis pengungsi yang terjadi di Eropa pada tahun 2015 telah menyebabkan berbagai tantangan terhadap kebijakan suaka dan migrasi Uni Eropa. Arus migrasi dari pengungsi lintas batas telah menimbulkan ancaman krisis internal dan tekanan terhadap rezim Freedom of Movement yaitu Perjanjian Schengen. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai sekuritisasi pengungsi lintas batas yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap rezim Freedom of Movement. Analisis penelitian menggunakan kerangka teori sekuritisasi oleh Buzan et al. (1992) melalui speech act oleh Uni Eropa sebagai aktor sekuritisasi dalam teori tata kelola kemanan yang dikemukakan oleh Sperling & Webber (2018). Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan penelaahan dokumen dan wawancara kepada informan terkait. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa speech act yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa mengalami kegagalan karena tidak diterima anggota sebagai audiens, sehingga proses sekuritisasi mengalami interaksi rekursif antara Uni Eropa dan anggotanya dalam tata kelola kemanan. Proses rekursif ini telah mengubah proses speech act dan tindakan luar biasa oleh Uni Eropa yang pada awalnya fokus pada diskursus kemanusiaan berubah menjadi diskursus keamanan perbatasan untuk melindungi pencapaian integasi inti Uni Eropa yaitu Schengen.
Kata-kata Kunci: Krisis Pengungsi, Sekuritisasi, Keamanan Perbatasan, Uni Eropa
Buku dan Bab dalam Buku
Buzan, Barry, et al., 1998. A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
EASO. 2016. An Introduction to the Common European Asylum System for Courts and Tribunals: A Judicial Analysis. European Asylum Support Office.
Lamont, Christopher. 2015. Research Methods in International Relations. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Jurnal dan Jurnal Daring
Ceccorulli, Michela, 2019. "Back to Schengen: the collective securitisation of the EU free-border area”. West European Politics, 42:302-322.
Corey, O. 2012. "Securitization and "Riskification”: Second-Order Security and the Politics of Climate Change”. Security Dialogue, 47:6, 541–558.
Kriesi, Hanspeter, et al., 2021. "Debordering and re-bordering in the refugee crisis: a case of ‘defensive integration'”, Journal of European Public Policy, 28(3): 331-349.
Lutz, Philipp, & Karstens, Felix, 2021. "External borders and internal freedoms: how the refugee crisis shaped the bordering preferences of European citizens”. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(3): 370-388.
Monar, J. 2016. "Justice and Home Affairs.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 54: 134-149
Popa, Cristina E., 2016. "The Challenges of the Schengen Area”, Expert Journal of Economics”, 4(3): 96-104.
Sperling, James, & Webber, Mark, 2018. "The European Union: security governance and collective securitisation”, West European Politics. 42(2): 228-260
Artikel Daring
Barigazzi, J., 2016. "EU Migration System "Could Break Down” in 10 Days” [daring]. Dalam http://www.politico.eu/article/eu-migration-system-could-collapse-in-10-days-refugees-political-tension/ [diakses pada 11 Mei 2022]
BBC, 2015. "Migrant crisis: Merkel warns of EU 'failure'” [daring]. Dalam https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34108224 [diakses pada 11 April 2022]
Chrisafis, A., 2015. "Marine Le Pen's Front National makes political gains after Paris attacks” [daring]. Dalam https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/01/marine-le-pen-front-national-political-gains-paris-attacks [diakses pada 8 Mei 2022]
Council of the European Union, 2015. "Integrity of the Schengen area”[daring]. Dalam https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14300-2015-INIT/en/pdf [diakses pada 16 Mei 2022]
European Commission, 2015. "A European Border and Coast Guard to protect Europe's External Borders”[daring]. Dalam https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_6327 [diakses pada 10 Mei 2022]
European Commission, 2015a. "Managing migration better in all aspects: A European Agenda on Migration”[daring]. Dalam https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_4956 [diakses pada 15 Mei 2022]
European Commission, 2015b. "Refugee Crisis: European Commission takes decisive action”[daring]. Dalam https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_5596 [diakses pada 19 Mei 2022]
European Commission, 2016b. "Relocation and Resettlement: EU Member States urgently need to deliver”[daring]. Dalam https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_829 [diakses pada 21 Mei 2022]
European Council, 2015. "Speech by President Donald Tusk at the Bruegel Annual Dinner” [daring]. Dalam https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/09/07/tusk-speech-bruegel/ [diakses pada 9 Mei]
European Council, 2016. "European Council meeting (18 and 19 February 2016)”[daring]. Dalam https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21787/0216-euco-conclusions.pdf [diakses pada 16 Mei]
Holehouse, M., 2015. "Migrant crisis: European Council president Tusk warns Schengen on brink of collapse” [daring]. Dalam https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/11991098/Migrant-crisis-Donald-Tusk-warns-that-Schengen-is-on-brink-of-collapse-latest-news.html [diakses pada 18 Mei 2022]
Nielsen, N., dan Zalan, E., 2016. "Greece risks Schengen expulsion” [daring]. Dalam https://euobserver.com/rule-of-law/131975 [diakses pada 12 Mei 2022]
Dokumen Resmi
European Commission, 2016a. "Back to Schenngen – A Roadmap”[daring]. Dalam https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2016:120:FIN [diakses pada 17 Mei 2022]
European Commission, 2016c. "COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION setting out a Recommendation for prolonging temporary internal border control in exceptional circumstances putting the overall functioning of the Schengen area at risk” [daring]. Dalam https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016PC0711 [diakses pada 20 Mei 2022]
European Union, 2016. "Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code)” [daring]. Dalam https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1576767163562&uri=CELEX:32016R0399 [diakses pada 12 Mei 2022]
Wawancara
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette, 2022. "Professor Departemen Politik dan Studi Internasional, Universitas Cambridge”, diwawancarai oleh H. N. Ramadhani, 4 April 2022.
Laporan Penelitian
Guild, Elspeth et al., 2016. "Internal border controls in the Schengen area. Is Schengen crisis-proof?” [daring]. Studi untuk komite LIBE. Brussels: CEPS
Pidato
Juncker, J.-C., 2015. "State of the Union 2015: Time for Honesty, Unity and Solidarity” [daring] . Dalam https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_15_5614 [diakses pada 22 Mei 2022]
Juncker, J.-C.,2016, "Commission Targets Stronger External Borders” [daring]. Dalam https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_3003 [diakses pada 20 Mei 2022]
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