From Pan-Arabism to Pharaonism: Egypt's Gradual Change of National Identity during the Sisi Era
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Many scholars argue that globalization will replace local cultures with global cultures. This writing rejects the argument. On the contrary, the world is seeing the revival of indigenous cultures and efforts to redefine national identities in several countries, including Egypt. In the Arab world, this phenomenon was caused by the Arab Spring. Egypt has been Arabicized for centuries, and the Egyptians tend to define themselves as Arabs. Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, who has been the president of Egypt after deposing Mohamed Morsi, is reviving Egypt's Pharaonic identity. This study uses a qualitative approach by collecting President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi or Egypt-related online news to be analyzed and used to prove the gradual change of Egyptian national identity. Domestic and foreign policies define the identity of a state. Sisi's decisions to ban the Pan-Islamist Muslim Brotherhood and improve relations with Israel indicate his effort to distinguish Egypt from Islamic and Arab identities. Egypt's transition from Arab identity to Pharaonic identity can be seen in its new capital's architectural designs and Egyptian government-initiated cultural events. All of these transitions are strengthened by the government's decision to introduce hieroglyphs into the Egyptian school curriculum.
Keywords: Egypt, Pharaonism, identity, culture, globalization
Banyak penstudi berpendapat bahwa globalisasi akan menggantikan budaya lokal dengan budaya global. Tulisan ini menolak pendapat tersebut. Sebaliknya, dunia sedang menyaksikan kebangkitan budaya-budaya pribumi dan upaya-upaya pendefinisian ulang identitas nasional di beberapa negara, termasuk Mesir. Dalam dunia Arab, fenomena ini disebabkan oleh Arab Spring. Mesir telah mengalami Arabisasi selama berabad-abad dan masyarakat Mesir cenderung mendefinisikan diri sebagai orang-orang Arab. Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, yang menjadi presiden Mesir setelah menggulingkan Mohamed Morsi, sedang membangkitkan identitas Faraonis Mesir. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan berita-berita daring yang berkaitan dengan Mesir atau Presiden Abdel Fattah El-Sisi untuk dianalisis dan digunakan untuk membuktikan perubahan bertahap identitas nasional Mesir. Kebijakan dalam negeri dan luar negeri menunjukkan identitas dari sebuah negara. Keputusan Sisi untuk melarang Ikhwanul Muslimin yang Pan-Islamis serta memperbaiki hubungan dengan Israel mengindikasikan upayanya untuk memisahkan Mesir dari identitas Islam dan Arab. Transisi Mesir dari identitas Arab ke identitas Faraonis dapat dilihat pada desain arsitektur ibukota baru Mesir serta acara-acara kebudayaan yang diinisiasi oleh pemerintah Mesir. Semua ini diperkuat oleh keputusan pemerintah untuk memperkenalkan hieroglif dalam kurikulum pendidikan Mesir.
Kata-kata Kunci: Mesir, Faraonisme, identitas, budaya, globalisasi
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