India's Policy Toward Jammu and Kashmir: Understanding the Use of Religious Ideology as a Political Legitimacy
Downloads
This article aims to analyze the use of religious ideology as political legitimacy in the case of the abrogation of Jammu and Kashmir autonomy by the government of India. The revocation of Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution terminated the privileges the Jammu and Kashmir region enjoyed for approximately 70 years. The abrogation is viewed as an attempt by the Hindu nationalist government to achieve the Hindutva agenda, Hindu-based ideals. Thus, the research question of this study is developed as follows: How does India’s policy toward Jammu and Kashmir reflect the exercise of religious ideology as a political tool? This study uses the religious legitimacy concept as an analytical framework by exploring and interpreting a range of secondary data sources pertinent to the research question. This study concludes that the ruling party uses Hindutva as a religious ideology by operating the three aspects of religious legitimacy, namely normative, instrumental, and primordial, as justification for its policies towards Jammu and Kashmir. Thus, the Hindu nationalist government accomplished its objectives and garnered people’s support using the three facets of religious legitimacy.
Keywords: Jammu Kashmir, Instrumentalism, Normative, Primordialism, Religious ideology
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan ideologi agama sebagai legitimasi politik dalam kasus pencabutan otonomi Jammu dan Kashmir oleh pemerintah India. Pencabutan Pasal 370 dan 35A Konstitusi India mengakhiri hak istimewa yang dinikmati wilayah Jammu dan Kashmir selama kurang lebih 70 tahun. Pencabutan tersebut dipandang sebagai upaya pemerintah nasionalis Hindu untuk mencapai agenda Hindutva, cita-cita berbasis Hindu. Oleh karena itu, pertanyaan penelitian dalam studi ini dirumuskan sebagai berikut: Bagaimana kebijakan India terhadap Jammu dan Kashmir mencerminkan penggunaan ideologi agama sebagai alat legitimasi politik? Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep legitimasi agama sebagai kerangka analisis dengan mengeksplorasi dan menafsirkan berbagai sumber data sekunder yang relevan dengan pertanyaan penelitian. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa partai penguasa menggunakan Hindutva sebagai ideologi keagamaan dengan menjalankan tiga aspek legitimasi agama, yaitu normatif, instrumental, dan primordial, sebagai justifikasi atas kebijakannya terhadap Jammu dan Kashmir. Dengan demikian, pemerintah nasionalis Hindu mencapai tujuannya dan menggalang dukungan masyarakat dengan menggunakan tiga aspek legitimasi agama tersebut.
Kata-kata Kunci: Jammu Kashmir, Instrumentalisme, Normatif, Primordialisme, Ideologi keagamaan,
Book and Book Chapters
Bose, Sumantra, 2007. Contested Lands Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka. London: Harvard University Press.
Chakrabarty, Bidyut and Bhuwan Jha, 2020. Hindu Nationalism in India. New York: Routledge.
Fox, Jonathan and Shmuel Sandler, 2004. Bringing Religion Into International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fox, Jonathan, 2018. An Introduction to Religion and Politics Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge.
Frykenberg, Robert E., 2008. "Hindutva as a political religion: An historical perspective", in Griffin, Roger, et al. (ed.), The sacred in twentieth-century politics: Essays in honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Hayness, Jeffrey, 2013. An Introduction to International Relations and Religion 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
Jaffrelot, Chistophe, 2007. Hindu Nationalism A Reader. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rajput, Sudha G., 2019. Internal Displacement and Conflict The Kashmiri Pandits in Comparative Perspective. New York: Routledge.
Vaishnav, Milan, 2019. “Religious Nationalism and India’s Future,” in Vaishnav, M. (ed.), The BJP in Power: Indian Democracy and Religious Nationalism. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Wani, Aijaz Ashraf, 2021. Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir, Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Journal and Online Journal
Dash, Satya Prakash, 2021. “Kashmir Conflict: Reflections in Media after Abrogation of Special Status”, The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, 02(01): 2150002.
Douglass, William A., 1988. “A critique of recent trends in the analysis of ethnonationalism”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 11(2): 192–206.
Farooq, Muhammad and Umbreen Javaid, 2020. “Suspension of Article 370: Assessment of Modis Kashmir Masterstroke under Hindutva Ideology”, Global Political Review, V(I): 1–8.
Kalim, D. Inayat et al., 2020. “Hindutva in India: Rise of Bigotry against Muslims”, A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 35(2): 327 – 340.
Rai, Praveen and Sanjay Kumar, 2017. “The Decline of Congress Party in Indian Politics”, Economic and Political Weekly, 52(12).
Rather, Tariq, 2020. “Abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India: Socio-Economic and Political Implications on Jammu and Kashmir”, International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 7(3): 501-517.
Setyorini, Fitri Adi and Takdir Ali Mukti, 2020. “The Revocation of Kashmir’s Special Status by Narendra Modi Administration in 2019”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, 3(2): 130–155.
Sharma, Arvind, 2002. “On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva”, NUMEN: International Review for the History of Religions, 49(1): 1–36.
Working Paper
Aiyar, Swaminathan, 2020. “Despite Modi, India Has Not Yet Become a Hindu Authoritarian State”, Cato Institute Policy Analysis, No. 903, 24 November.
Medha, 2019. “The Revocation of Kashmir’s Autonomy: High-Risk Hindutva Politics at Play”, GIGA Focus, No. 5, August.
Shah, Khalid and Kriti M. Shah, 2020. “Kashmir After Article 370: India’s Diplomatic Challenge”, Observer Research Foundation Occasional Paper, No. 259, July.
Wani, Aijaz, 2020. “Life in Kashmir After Article 370”, Observer Research Foundation Occasional Paper, No. 99, January.
Conference Paper
Sheikh, Fatima, 2020. “The Hindu Nationalist Agenda on Kashmir”, in Proceedings of The National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR), 26-28 March 2020. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University.
Online Article
Biswas, Soutik, 2020. “The secret behind the success of India’s ruling party BJP” [online]. in https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55049627.
Filkins, Dexter, 2019. “Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi’s India” [online]. in https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india.
Finnigan, Christoper, 2019. “Long Read: Muslims and an Inclusive India under Modi 2.0” [online]. in https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2019/07/08/long-read-muslims-and-an-inclusive-india-under-modi-2-0/.
Hindustan Times, 2020. “Article 370 revoked in J&K: A look back at its history and what now” [online]. in https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/article-370-revoked-in-j-k-a-look-back-at-its-history-and-what-now/story-56pEY6h2tGSgRbPMt05PdJ.html.
Hutchison, Peter, 2019. “Money, Money, Money: The Tycoon Factor in India’s Election” [online]. in https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/04/15/money-money-money-the-tycoon-factor-in-indias-election.html.
Krishnan, Raghu, 2022. “View: Is Kashmir seeing the beginning of another exodus of Pandits, a mini-one this time?” [online]. in https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/is-kashmir-seeing-the-beginning-of-another-exodus-of-pandits-a-mini-one-this-time/articleshow/91970149.cms.
Kumar, Chitranjan, 2020. “PM Modi Meets Business Leaders; Ambani, Tata, Adani, Mittal, Mahindra, Attend Event” [online]. in https://www.businesstoday.in/business/news/story/pm-modi-holds-meet-with-indian-business-leaders-ambani-tata-adani-attend-event-241954-2020-01-06.
Mutjaba, Syed Ali, 2022. “New Political Culture Has Made India a Moving Anarchy” [online]. in https://www.siasat.com/new-political-culture-has-made-india-a-moving-anarchy-2312529.
National Herald, 2022. “BJP on Winning Curve Because People Have Accepted Its Majoritarian Agenda” [online]. in https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/bjp-on-winning-curve-because-people-have-accepted-its-majoritarian-agenda-author-nilanjan-mukhopadhyay.
NewsNine, 2022. “Another exodus begins, panicked Kashmiri Pandits flee Valley” [online]. in https://www.news9live.com/state/jammu-and-kashmir/another-exodus-begins-panicked-kashmiri-pandits-flee-valley-174192.
Sit, Ming Wai, 2019. “Hindu Nationalism and Its Impact on Kashmir” [online]. in https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/hindu-nationalism-and-its-impact-on-kashmir/.
Times of India, 2019a. “BJP Trying to Establish “Ram Rajya” for Poor: Yogi Adityanath” [online]. in https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yogi-bjp-trying-to-establish-ram-rajya-for-poor/articleshow/72860973.cms.
Times of India, 2019b. “86% of Kashmiri Migrants Voted for BJP” [online]. in https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-of-kashmiri-migrants-voted-for-bjp/articleshow/69490392.cms.
Other
Dar, Hassan Nabi, 2019. “The Rise of Hindutva and Its Impact on Kashmir Conflict”, Institute for Policy Reforms Brief, August.
Copyright (c) 2024 Global Strategis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- Authors are unable to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work
- Authors are not permitted to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The Copyright Holder of the articles is Global Strategis