Middle and Emerging Power in Foreign Policy Analysis
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This paper argues that the concepts of ‘middle powers’ and ‘emerging powers’ remain analytically ambiguous and often conflated, owing to overlapping parameters and inconsistent theoretical frameworks. While both terms have been widely employed in the study of International Relations – particularly in foreign policy analysis since the early 2000s – they suffer from conceptual limitations that weaken their analytical utility. The long-standing debate over the appropriate variables for defining a ‘middle power’ has led to the development of multiple, sometimes conflicting, approaches: functional, systemic-structural, psychological, behavioral, positional, and identity. At the same time, the term ‘emerging powers’ has been criticized as vague or even meaningless, as it often adopts criteria from classical middle power theories without sufficient conceptual distinction. Through a literature-based analysis, this paper explores how the definitional debates around 'middle powers' originated, how the term 'emerging powers' emerged and became entangled with it, and how recent scholars – such as that by Fonseca et al. and Paes et al. – has attempted to reconceptualize ‘emerging powers’ using more fluid, context-sensitive, and narrative-driven frameworks. In doing so, the study highlights the need for clearer conceptual boundaries to enhance both academic rigor and policy relevance in analyzing state roles in the evolving international system.
Keywords: Middle Powers, Emerging Powers, Foreign Policy Analysis, International Politics, International System
Penelitian ini berargumen konsep ‘middle powers’ dan ‘emerging powers’ masih bersifat ambigu secara analitis dan sering kali tumpang tindih. Hal ini disebabkan oleh parameter yang saling beririsan serta penerapan teori yang tidak konsisten. Kedua istilah ini telah digunakan secara luas dalam studi Hubungan Internasional, khususnya dalam analisis kebijakan luar negeri sejak awal milenium baru, untuk mengkaji kemunculan negara-negara yang telah menjadi atau diperkirakan akan menjadi aktor penting dalam sistem internasional. Namun, keduanya menghadapi masalah konseptual yang signifikan. Perdebatan panjang mengenai variabel yang tepat untuk mengkategorikan suatu negara sebagai ‘middle power’ telah melahirkan berbagai pendekatan: fungsional, struktural-sistemik, psikologi, perilaku, posisi, dan identitas. Perdebatan yang muncul dalam upaya mendefinisikan ‘middle powers’ tersebut hingga saat ini belum mencapai konsensus. Di sisi lain, istilah ‘emerging powers’ juga dikritik sebagai istilah yang kurang bermakna secara konseptual, karena sering kali menggunakan parameter dari teori ‘middle power’ klasik secara sembarangan. Melalui metode studi pustaka, penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana perdebatan seputar definisi ‘middle powers’ berkembang, bagaimana istilah ‘emerging powers’ muncul dan kerap disamakan dengan istilah ‘middle power’, serta bagaimana studi terbaru berusaha mereformulasikan ‘emerging powers’ melalui pendekatan yang lebih dinamis, kontekstual, dan berbasis narasi. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya batasan konseptual yang lebih jelas untuk meningkatkan ketepatan analisis akademik dan relevansi kebijakan dalam memahami peran negara di tengah dinamika sistem internasional yang terus berubah.
Kata-kata Kunci: Middle Power, Emerging Powers, Analisa Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Politik Internasional, Sistem Internasional
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