Environmental and Health Services Factors Associated with New Covid19 Case in Central Java Province: A Spatial Analysis
Introduction: At the end of December 2020, there were 93,035 Covid19 cases reported in Central Java. The spatial analysis is useful for assessing the association of environmental and health services factors with new Covid19 cases. Methods: This study was conducted to identify a spatial autocorrelation between environmental conditions and health services on new Covid19 cases in Central Java Province in 2020. The data were obtained from Central Java Profile Published in 2021 with a cross-sectional design. This autocorrelation regression technique was used to determine the relationship between districts/cities for new Covid19 cases. The independent variables in this study were environmental factors such as access to quality drinking water, access to quality sanitation, percentage of Open Defecation Free (ODF) villages, and percentage of healthy food management places. In addition, the independent variables also covered health service factors such as the number of public health centers, hospitals, medical personnel, and population density. Results and Discussion: The findings found that in Central Java province, the factors that influenced new Covid19 cases included population density (p-value 0.0001; Morran I -0.032) and the number of medical personnel (p-value 0.0001; Morrans I 0.021). Conclusion: The new cases of Covid19 in Central Java Province formed a clustered pattern. Factors significantly influencing the regression test are population density and the number of medical personnel. Besides that, spatial autocorrelation was also found in other variables in this study but was not significant.
Covid19 Response Acceleration Task Force. Distribution Map. Covid19 Handling and National Economic Recovery Committee. 2022. https://www.covid19.co.id/Peta-Sebaran
Province Health Office of Central Java. Health Profile of Central Java 2020. Semarang: Province Health Office of Central Java; 2021.
Wang D, Wu X, Li C, Han J, Yin J. The Impact of Geo-Environmental Factors on Global Covid19 Transmission: A Review of Evidence and Methodology. Sci Total Environ. 2022;826(154182):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154182
Yang X, Lo K. Environmental Health Research and the Covid19 Pandemic: A Turning Point Towards Sustainability. Environ Res. 2021;197(111157):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111157
Legido-Quigley H, Mateos-García JT, Campos VR, Gea-Sánchez M, Muntaner C, McKee M. The Resilience of the Spanish Health System Against the Covid19 pandemic. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5(5):e251–e252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30060-8
Chua AQ, Tan MMJ, Verma M, Han EKL, Hsu LY, Cook AR, et al. Health System Resilience in Managing the Covid19 Pandemic: Lessons from Singapore. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020;5(9):e003317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003317
Desye B. Covid19 Pandemic and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Impacts, Challenges, and Mitigation Strategies. Environ Health Insights. 2021;15(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302211029447
Kanyangarara M, Allen S, Jiwani SS. Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services In Health Facilities in sub-Saharan Africa 2013–2018: Results of Health Facility Surveys and Implications for Covid19 Transmission. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06515-z
Bauza V, Sclar GD, Bisoyi A, Majorin F, Ghugey A, Clasen T. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices and Challenges during the Covid19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Odisha, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(6):2264-2274. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0087
Sun S, Han J. Open Defecation and Squat Toilets, an Overlooked Risk of Fecal Transmission of Covid19 and Other Pathogens in Developing Communities. Environ Chem Lett. 2021;19(2):787–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01143-1
Dhamanti I, Rachman T, Nurhaida I, Muhamad R. Challenges in Implementing the WHO Hospital Readiness Checklist for the Covid19 Pandemic in Indonesian Hospitals: A Qualitative Study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15(1):1395-1402. http://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S362422
Mahendradhata Y, Andayani NLPE, Hasri ET, Arifi MD, Siahaan RGM, Solikha DA, et al. The Capacity of the Indonesian Healthcare System to Respond to Covid19. Front Public Heal. 2021;9(649819):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.649819
Kadi N, Khelfaoui M. Population Density, a Factor in the Spread of Covid19 in Algeria: Statistic Study. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2020;44(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00393-x
Coşkun H, Yıldırım N, Gündüz S. The spread of Covid19 Virus Through Population Density and Wind in Turkey Cities. Sci Total Environ. 2020;751(141663):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.141663
Sun Z, Zhang H, Yang Y, Wan H, Wang Y. Impacts of Geographic Factors and Population Density on the Covid19 Spreading Under the Lockdown Policies of China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;746(141347):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141347
Setiawan F, Puspitasari H, Sunariani J, Yudianto A. Molecular Review Covid19 from the Pathogenesis and Transmission Aspect. J Kesehat Lingkung. 2020;12(1si):93–103. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1si.2020.93-103
Effendi DE, Laksono AD, Pranata S, Nantabah ZK. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Belief in Covid19 Vaccine Efficacy in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2022;15(7):308-313. https://www.apjtm.org/text.asp?2022/15/7/308/351769
Jannah RZ, Laelasari E. Determinant Factors on Personal Hygiene in the Prevention of Covid19 in the Community of Bengkalis Regency, Riau, in 2021. J Kesehat Lingkung. 2022;14(4):229-236. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v14i4.2022.229-236
Franch-Pardo I, Napoletano BM, Rosete-Verges F, Billa L. Spatial Analysis and GIS in the Study of Covid19. A Review. Sci Total Environ. 2020;739(140033):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140033
Sy I, Thiam S, Kouassi RM, Traoré D, Cissé B, Koné B, et al. Spatial Epidemiology of Urban Health Risks in Select West African Cities BT - Practicing Health Geography: The African Context. In: Makanga PT, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 57–75.
Li S, Li Z, Dong Y, Shi T, Zhou S, Chen Y, et al. Temporal-spatial Risk Assessment of Covid19 Under the Influence of Urban Spatial Environmental Parameters: The Case of Shenyang city. Build Simul. 2022;1(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-022-0918-8
Rocklöv J, Sjödin H. High Population Densities Catalyse the Spread of Covid19. J Travel Med. 2020;27(3):taaa038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa038
Howland RE, Cowan NR, Wang SS, Moss ML, Glied S. Public Transportation and Transmission of Viral Respiratory Disease: Evidence from Influenza Deaths in 121 Cities in the United States. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0242990. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242990
Aw SB, Teh BT, Ling GHT, Leng PC, Chan WH, Ahmad MH. The Covid19 Pandemic Situation In Malaysia: Lessons Learned From The Perspective Of Population Density. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126566
Shen J, Duan H, Zhang B, Wang J, Ji JS, Wang J, et al. Prevention and Control of Covid19 in Public Transportation: Experience from China. Environ Pollut. 2020;266(115291):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115291
Zheng R, Xu Y, Wang W, Ning G, Bi Y. Spatial Transmission of Covid19 Via Public and Private Transportation in China. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34(101626):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101626%0A
Koh D. Migrant Workers and Covid19. Occup Environ Med. 2020;77(9):634–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106626
Wong DWS, Li Y. Spreading of Covid19: Density Matters. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0242398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242398
Sy KTL, White LF, Nichols BE. Population Density And Basic Reproductive Number of Covid19 Across United States Counties. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249271%0A
Coşkun H, Yıldırım N, Gündüz S. The Spread of Covid19 Virus Through Population Density and Wind in Turkey Cities. Sci Total Environ. 2021;751(141663):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141663
Bhadra A, Mukherjee A, Sarkar K. Impact of Population Density on Covid19 Infected and Mortality Rate in India. Model Earth Syst Environ. 2021;7(1):623–629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249271%0A
Fan Y, Fang M, Zhang X, Yu Y. Will the Economic Growth Benefit Public Health? Health Vulnerability, Urbanization and Covid19 in the USA. Ann Reg Sci. 2022;1(Special Issue Paper):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-021-01103-9%0A
Mo Q, Chen X, Yu B, Ma Z. Levels of Economic Growth and Cross-Province Spread of the Covid19 in China. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 2021;75(9):824–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214169%0A
Selcuk M, Gormus S, Guven M. Impact of Weather Parameters and Population Density on the Covid19 Transmission: Evidence from 81 provinces of Turkey. Earth Syst Environ. 2021;5(1):87–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-020-00197-z
Yin H, Sun T, Yao L, Jiao Y, Ma L, Lin L, et al. Association between Population Density and Infection Rate Suggests the Importance of Social Distancing and Travel Restriction in Reducing the Covid19 Pandemic. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28(30):40424–40430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12364-4
Meo SA, Abukhalaf AA, Alomar AA, Al Mutairi FJ, Usmani AM, Klonoff DC. Impact of Lockdown on Covid19 Prevalence and Mortality during 2020 Pandemic: Observational Analysis of 27 Countries. Eur J Med Res. 2020;25(56):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-020-00456-9
Nagesh S, Chakraborty S. Saving the Frontline Health Workforce Amidst the Covid19 Crisis: Challenges and Recommendations. J Glob Health. 2020;10(1): 010345. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010345
Ballard M, Bancroft E, Nesbit J, Johnson A, Holeman I, Foth J, et al. Prioritising the Role of Community Health Workers in the Covid19 Response. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020;5(6):e002550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002550
Firmansyah MI, Rahmanto F, Setiawan D. The Preparedness for the Covid19 Pandemic Management in Indonesia. J Adm Kesehat Indones. 2020;8(2):188–201. https://10.0.79.249/jaki.v8i2.2020.188-201
Rayani S, Rayani M, Najafi-Sharjabad F. Correlation between Anxiety and Resilience of Healthcare Workers during Covid19 Pandemic in the Southwest of Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29(15):21528–21536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17284-x
Giusti EM, Pedroli E, D’Aniello GE, Stramba Badiale C, Pietrabissa G, Manna C, et al. The Psychological Impact of the Covid19 Outbreak on Health Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychol. 2020;11(1684):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684
Buchan J. Reviewing the Benefits of Health Workforce Stability. Hum Resour Health. 2010;8(29):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-8-29
Armocida B, Formenti B, Ussai S, Palestra F, Missoni E. The Italian Health System and the Covid19 Challenge. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5(5):e253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30074-8%0A
Le XTT, Nguyen QT, Onyango B, Nguyen QN, Pham QT, Ta NTK, et al. Perception Toward Exposure Risk of Covid19 Among Health Workers in Vietnam: Status and Correlated Factors. Front Public Heal. 2021;9(589317):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.589317
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. Copyright of all journal manuscripts is held by the Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan.2. Formal legal provisions to access digital articles of electronic journal are subject to the provision of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which means that Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan is rightful to keep, transfer media/format, manage in the form of databases, maintain, and publish articles.
3. Published manuscripts both printed and electronic are open access for educational, research, and library purposes. Additionally, the editorial board is not responsible for any violations of copyright law.
JKESLING by UNAIR is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
