Correlation between Smartphone Addiction Risk with Anxiety Level of Elementary Schooler in Surabaya
Backgound: Smartphone addiction is an individual's dependence on using a smartphone repeatedly and excessively, regardless of the negative consequences it causes. Depending on the frequency and duration of smartphone use, unwanted effects can occur, one of which is anxiety disorders. Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the risk of smartphone addiction and anxiety level in elementary school children. Methods: This study used an analytic design with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were children who owned smartphones at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elemetary School at Surabaya in grades 5 and 6. The total sample of the study was 72 respondents from 224 students in grades 5 and 6 using consecutive sampling. The independent variable in this study is the risk of smartphone addiction and the dependent variable in this study is anxiety. The data was obtained from modified SAS-SV and ZSAS instruments, and analyzed using Spearman's correlation. Results: The results of statistical tests show the value of p = 0.001 and the value of r = 0.377 which means that there is a positive relationship between smartphone addiction and anxiety in Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elementary School Surabaya and is significant in statistics . Conclusion: Children who are at risk of smartphone addiction have a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety.
Introduction
Addiction can be viewed as a chronic condi- tion, which is associated with strong repetitive motivation to do an activity, where the results of doing the activity have a significant potential for unwanted negative impacts.[1]Smartphone ad- diction is an individual’s dependence on using a smartphone repeatedly and excessively regardless of the negative consequences it causes.[2]Anxiety disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that most commonly occur in children and adolescents, where 10-20% of children experience anxiety dis- orders.[3]One study of 965 primary care patients showed that 19.5% had at least 1 anxiety disor- der, 7.6% had generalized anxiety disorder, 6.8% had panic disorder, and 6.2% had social anxiety disorder.[4]Anxiety disorders are conditions that greatly affect the quality of life and psychosocial function[5]where Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) substantially interfere with the quality of life of sufferers.[6]Mental disorders in children are an important issue in public health due to the prevalence, early-onset, and impact on the child, family, and community.[7]Thus, psychological dependence as well as excessive use of technolo- gy can lead to undesirable outcomes and should be considered against increased productivity.[8]
The author hypothesized that there was a correla- tion between the risk of smartphone addiction and the level of anxiety at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Ele- mentary School in Surabaya. The purposes of this study were to identify the risk of smartphone ad- diction and the level of anxiety, and also analyze the correlation between the risk of smartphone addiction and the level of anxiety in students at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elementary School Suraba- ya. We hope that this research becomes a reference for other researchers to determine the impact of smartphone addiction on elementary school
children and in reducing and preventing smart- phone addiction and anxiety in children, especial- ly at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elementary School Surabaya.
Methods
This was an analytical study using a cross-sec- tional approach. The population in this study were children who owned smartphones at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elementary School in Surabaya in grades 5 and 6. The total sample of the study was 72 respondents from 224 students in grades 5 and 6 using the consecutive sampling technique. The study inclusion criteria were students in grades 5-6 at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elementary School in Surabaya who had a smartphone. The study ex- clusion criteria were the samples not willing to be involved in the research, physically ill, or current- ly undergoing long-term treatment. The indepen- dent variable in this study was the risk of smart- phone addiction and the dependent variable in this study was anxiety. This study used primary data collected by a questionnaire filled out directly by the respondents from selected elementary school students accompanied by the school teacher. Data was taken on 29 February 2019 and included de- mographic and identity data, risk of smartphone addiction, and anxiety level. The data was obtained from modified Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) instruments and analyzed using Spearman’s correlation.
Results
This study obtained 85 respondents, with 72 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion requirements. All research subjects were grade 5 students because grade 6 students had no activities at school after undergoing school exams.
| Duration of smartphone use per day | Total (n) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
30-60 minutes | 13 | 18,1 |
1-2 hour(s) | 30 | 41,7 |
2-4 hours | 16 | 22,2 |
4-6 hours | 5 | 6,9 |
> 6 hours | 8 | 11,1 |
Smartphone usage | Total (n) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Recreation | 53 | 73,6 |
| Social Media | 17 | 23,6 |
| Communication | 27 | 37,5 |
| Education | 24 | 33,3 |
| Others | 11 | 15,3 |
Table 3.Correlation of smartphone addiction risk with anxiety level of the sample at Khadijah Ahmad Yani Elementary School Surabaya in February 2020
Discussion
While the duration of smartphone use was dif- ferent in each individual, in this study we found that 41.7% of the sample used a smartphone for 1-2 hours per day. This showed that most of the subjects used the smartphone for the recommend- ed duration, which is between 1-2 hours.[9]Young adolescents still have a high level of compliance with the rules and norms that exist in society[10], however, 40.2% of the subjects used a smartphone for more than 2 hours per day. Even so, adolescents still use smartphones for quite a long time, apart from academic and entertainment demands, this is due to adolescents’ interest in using smartphones as gadgets due to the features and technology that can be accessed.[11]The increase in the duration
of smartphone use is in line with Erikson’s theory, wherein in the development phase, children aged 9-11 years are still in the industrial phase and have higher social needs.[12]
Increased duration, as well as frequency, are signs of an addiction. Anxiety disorders and other unwanted negative effects due to smartphone use depend on the duration and frequency of use.[13]Another study conducted on elementary school children aged 8-11 years in Medan found that chil- dren who use gadgets for more than 10 hours per week have an abnormal mental-emotional condi- tion, where smartphone-shaped gadgets are the most widely used.[14]The incidence of anxiety disorders was also found to be increasing in the use of smartphones as communication devices for more than
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