DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS IN FAMILIES CARING FOR PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS
Downloads
Introduction: Mental disorders can disrupt the psychological, emotional, and social functioning of individuals, manifesting through symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and decreased motivation. These conditions can affect the families who care for them, often leading to depression, anxiety, and stress. Objective to determine the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among families caring for individuals with mental disorders. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study involved 75 families who cared for individuals with mental disorders and met predetermined inclusion criteria. The research was conducted in the Manyar Sub-district Health Center area, Gresik Regency, in March 2022. A total of 63 respondents were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through questionnaires administered during home visits. The variables of depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Results: The study revealed that 57% of families caring for members with mental disorders experienced mild levels of depression. The majority (60%) reported moderate levels of anxiety, while most families (78%) showed normal levels of stress. Conclusions: Most families caring for individuals with mental disorders experienced mild depression, moderate anxiety, and normal stress levels. Providing mental health education and relaxation training for family caregivers is important to reduce depression, anxiety, and stress, thereby improving the quality of care.
Azman, A., Jamir Singh, P. S., & Sulaiman, J. (2019). The mentally ill and their impact on family caregivers: A qualitative case study. International Social Work, 62(1), 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817731146
Bademli, K., & Lok, N. (2020). Feelings, thoughts and experiences of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020916211
Bonsack, C., Favrod, J., & Morandi, S. (2017). Searching a minimal dosage of antipsychotics: A shared decision-making | À la recherche d’un dosage minimal d’antipsychotiques: construire une décision partagée avec les personnes souffrant de psychose. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 175(7), 617–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2016.08.013
De-Torres, I., Bustos, F., Arango-Lasprilla, J. C., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2022). Training on Emotional Intelligence for Caregivers of Patients with Acquired Brain Injury and Cognitive Impairment: A Quasi-Experimental Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114050
Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 Experiences and Associated Stress on Anxiety, Depression, and Functional Impairment in American Adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(6), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y
Hafner, H. (2019). From Onset and Prodromal Stage to a Life-Long Course of Schizophrenia and Its Symptom Dimensions: How Sex, Age, and Other Risk Factors Influence Incidence and Course of Illness. Psychiatry Journal, 2019, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9804836
Huang, S.-S. (2022). Depression among caregivers of patients with dementia: Associative factors and management approaches. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.59
Ilmy, S. K., Noorhamdani, N., & Windarwati, H. D. (2020). Family Burden of Schizophrenia in Pasung During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Indonesian Nursing Journal of Education and Clinic (Injec), 5(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.24990/injec.v5i2.315
Inogbo, C. F., Olotu, S. O., James, B. O., & Nna, E. O. (2017). Burden of care amongst caregivers who are first degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Pan African Medical Journal, 28, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.284.11574
Ishtiaq, M. (2019). Book Review Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 40. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40
Jin, L., Wang, D., Yang, D., Jin, Q., Cao, M., Li, Y., Yang, J., Xie, G., & Zhang, W. (2025). The impact of perceived caregiver anxiety and stress during childhood on late-life depression: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16(January), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1507566
Kazemi, A., Azimian, J., Mafi, M., Allen, K. A., & Motalebi, S. A. (2021). Caregiver burden and coping strategies in caregivers of older patients with stroke. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00556-z
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2018). Laporan Riskesdas 2018. Laporan Nasional RIskesdas 2018, 53(9), 181–222.
Kowanda, M., Cartner, L., Kentros, C., Geltzeiler, A. R., Singer, K. E., Weaver, W. C., Lehman, C. D., Smith, S., Smith, R. S., Walsh, L. K., Diehl, K., Nagpal, N., Brooks, E., Mebane, C. M., Wilson, A. L., Marvin, A. R., White, L. C., Law, J. K., Jensen, W., … Chung, W. K. (2021). Availability of Services and Caregiver Burden: Supporting Individuals With Neurogenetic Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Child Neurology, 36(9), 760–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738211001209
Kretchy, I. A., Osafo, J., Agyemang, S. A., Appiah, B., & Nonvignon, J. (2018). Psychological burden and caregiver-reported non-adherence to psychotropic medications among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 259, 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.034
Lin, C. H., & Lane, H. Y. (2019). Early identification and intervention of schizophrenia: Insight from hypotheses of glutamate dysfunction and oxidative stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(FEB), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00093
Liu, Z., Heffernan, C., & Tan, J. (2020). International Journal of Nursing Sciences Caregiver burden : A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(4), 438–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.07.012
Manhas, R. S., Manur, A., Akhter, R., Thappha, J. R., Manhas, A., & Manhas, G. S. (2019). Characteristics of Schizophrenic Patients. International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR), 4(5), 210–215. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14594.50882
Marie, M., Shaabna, Z., Shaabna, Z., Saleh, M., & Saleh, M. (2020). Schizophrenia in the context of mental health services in Palestine: A literature review. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00375-6
Nursalam. (2015). Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Keperawatan Pendekatan Praktis (4th ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Medika.
Province, K. (2020). Family Function among People with Schizophrenia in a Community. 50(3).
RI, K. (2018). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional.pdf. In Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes (p. hal 156). https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514/1/Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional.pdf.
Rindayati, Rindayati., Yusuf, Ah., & Illahiati, Nisa K. (2021). Mental Disorderss Burden and Stress during Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 14(3), 1224-1229.
Rindayati, Rindayati., Nasir, Abd., Illahiati, & Nisa Kurnia. (2024). Pengalaman Spiritual dan Kecerdasan Emosional dalam Menghadapi Stres dan beban Caregiver Skizofrenia. JKesV (Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional), 9(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.98928
Sharif, L., Basri, S., Alsahafi, F., Altaylouni, M., Albugumi, S., Banakhar, M., Mahsoon, A., Alasmee, N., & Wright, R. J. (2020). An exploration of family caregiver experiences of burden and coping while caring for people with mental disorders in saudi arabia—a qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176405
Shiraishi, N., & Reilly, J. (2018). Positive and negative impacts of schizophrenia on family caregivers : a systematic review and qualitative meta-summary. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1617-8
Souraya, S., Hanlon, C., & Asher, L. (2018). Involvement of people with schizophrenia in decision-making in rural Ethiopia : a qualitative study. Globalization and health, 85(2018), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0403-4
Subedi, S., Paudel, K., & Thapa, D. K. (2020). Treatment Non-Compliance In Patients With Schizophrenia. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences, 8(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v8i1.29773
Teixeira, R. J., Applebaum, A. J., Bhatia, S., & Brandão, T. (2018). The impact of coping strategies of cancer caregivers on psychophysiological outcomes: An integrative review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 207–215. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S164946
Tolea, M. I., Camacho, S., Cohen, I. R., & Galvin, J. E. (2023). Mindfulness and Care Experience in Family Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports, 7(1), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-220069
Wan, K., & Wong, M. M. C. (2019). Stress and burden faced by family caregivers of people with schizophrenia and early psychosis in Hong Kong. 49, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14166
Xiong, P., Liu, M., Liu, B., & Hall, B. J. (2022). Trends in the incidence and DALYs of anxiety disorders at the global, regional, and national levels: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.022
Yildiz, M., Yazici, A., & Böke, Ö. (2010). Demographic and clinical characteristi cs in schizophrenia: A multi center cross-sectional case record study. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5080/u6178
Zhang, T., & Wang, Z. (2020). The Effects of Family Functioning and Psychological Suzhi Between School Climate and Problem Behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00212
Copyright (c) 2025 Kaldera Yugi Perdana Febryanto, Rindayati Rindayati, Lilik Supriati, Susilo Harianto, Iswatun Iswatun, Fanni Okviasanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).
