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Abstract
Obesity has become an epidemic around the world. High fat diet (HFD) have been implemented as one of intervention to battle obesity. Uncouple protein 1 (UCP1) is one of the key factor on energy expenditure. The aim of this experiment is to see the macronutrients composition on weight loss and UCP1 expression in the visceral fat. Fifty male mice, 2-3 months old, 18-30 grams, were put in five different groups. K1 were fed (20% protein, 62.0% carbohydrate, 12% fat), K2 (60% protein, 0% carbohydrate, 30% fat), K3 (45% protein, 0% carbohydrate, 45% fat), K4 (30% protein, 0% carbohydrate, 60% fat), K5 (15% protein, 0% carbohydrate, 75% fat). The experiment was done in four weeks, mice body weight was measured every week. UCP1 expression seen using immunohistochemistry staining was measured at the end of the fourth week. Significant weight loss was achieved by K4 (-9.60±3.81) gram by the end of week four (p<0.05). K4 had the least amount of visceral fat. The result was that K4 achieved a significant visceral fat mass (0.02±0.06) gram compared to K1 (0.53±0.08) gram. Compared to other groups K5 expressed UCP1 more than the others (3.78±3.72) cphfp. HFD fed groups produced significant weight loss, group that had the greatest weight loss is K4. Meanwhile, each group had a variety of UCP1 expression.
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References
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References
Bond, L. M. and Ntambi, J. M. (2018) ‘UCP1 deficiency increases adipose tissue monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis and trafficking to the liver', Journal of Lipid Research. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M078469.
Choe, S. S. et al. (2016) ‘Adipose tissue remodeling: Its role in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders', Frontiers in Endocrinology. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00030.
Choi, M. S. et al. (2015) ‘High-fat diet decreases energy expenditure and expression of genes controlling lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and skeletal system development in the adipose tissue, along with increased expression of extracellular matrix remodelling- and inflamm', British Journal of Nutrition. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515000100.
Desai, A. J. et al. (2016) ‘Cholecystokinin-induced satiety, a key gut servomechanism that is affected by the membrane microenvironment of this receptor', International Journal of Obesity Supplements. doi: 10.1038/ijosup.2016.5.
García-Ruiz, E. et al. (2015) ‘The intake of high-fat diets induces the acquisition of brown adipocyte gene expression features in white adipose tissue', International Journal of Obesity. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.112.
Hannukainen, J. C. et al. (2010) ‘Higher free fatty acid uptake in visceral than in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue in men', Obesity. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.267.
Hruby, A. and Hu, F. B. (2015) ‘The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture', PharmacoEconomics, pp. 673–689. doi: 10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x.
Licholai, J. A. et al. (2018) ‘Why Do Mice Overeat High-Fat Diets? How High-Fat Diet Alters the Regulation of Daily Caloric Intake in Mice', Obesity. doi: 10.1002/oby.22195.
Lv, Y. et al. (2018) ‘Ghrelin, A gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism', Bioscience Reports. doi: 10.1042/BSR20181061.
Okada, Y. et al. (2017) ‘Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and novel classification of feline obesity and metabolic syndrome', Frontiers in Veterinary Science. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00017.
Oliveira, A. G. et al. (2013) ‘Acute exercise induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization in diet-induced obese rats', Obesity. doi: 10.1002/oby.20402.
Romieu, I. et al. (2017) ‘Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?', Cancer Causes and Control. doi: 10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z.
Sasai, H. et al. (2015) ‘Does visceral fat estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry independently predict cardiometabolic risks in adults?', Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. doi: 10.1177/1932296815577424.
Schoettl, T., Fischer, I. P. and Ussar, S. (2018) ‘Heterogeneity of adipose tissue in development and metabolic function', Journal of Experimental Biology. doi: 10.1242/jeb.162958.
Shah, R. V. et al. (2014) ‘Visceral adiposity and the risk of metabolic syndrome across body mass index: The MESA study', JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.017.
Stevenson, J. L., Clevenger, H. C. and Cooper, J. A. (2015) ‘Hunger and satiety responses to high-fat meals of varying fatty acid composition in women with obesity', Obesity. doi: 10.1002/oby.21202.