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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health problems and in the top 4th ranks as the main cause of death in developing countries (IDF, 2015). The pathogenesis of type II DM involves abnormalities in insulin secretion and activity that leads to insulin resistance. This research aims to study the efficacy of celery (Apiumgraveolens) as a prevention of insulin resistance. In this study, the samples were 45 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), male sex, aged 4-6 weeks, weight 150-175 grams,and had normal fasting blood glucose levels by tested before treatment. The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups, K1 was negative control group (insulin resistance by given 20% fructose 1,86 g/kg BW PO qDay);K2 was positive control group (those given 20% fructose 1,86 g/kg BW PO qDayand standard insulin resistance therapy metformin 500 mg/kg BW PO qDay); the K3 treatment group was given 20% fructose 1,86 g/kg BW PO qDay and celery extract 200 mg/kg BW PO qDay; the K4 treatment group was given fructose 20% 1,86 mg/kg BW PO qDay and celery extract 400 mg/kg BW PO qDay; and the K5 treatment group was given fructose 20% 1,86 mg/kg BW PO qDay and celery extract 600 mg/kg BW PO qDay. The treatment had been given every day for 60 days.Fasting blood glucose levels were measured using a Glucometer. Fasting blood insulin levels were measured using ELISA, HOMA-IR was calculated using a standardized formula, and GLUT4 protein expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. It the end of the intervention, there was a significant decreased in fasting blood glucose (FBG) in K4 group compared with K1 (p <0.05), insulin resistance in K1 was characterized by a higher HOMA-IR value compared to the therapy group, especially K4 and K5 (p <0.05). There was an increase in GLUT-4 expression on K4 and K5 compared with K1 (p <0.05). It can be concluded that celery extract has antihyperglycemia effect and furthermore it can prevent insulin resistance condition.
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References
- Al-Saidi, A. (2012) ‘Antioxidant activity of n-butanol extract of celery (Apium graveolens) seed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats', Research in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 4(2), pp. 24–29. doi: 10.5897/RPB12.002.
- Al-sa, J. A. A. and Al-shihmani, B. A. K. (2013) ‘Antihyperglycaemic and pancreatic regenerative effect of n- butanol extract of celery ( Apium graveolens ) seed in STZ- induced diabetic male rats .', (1).
- Anggraeni, T., Ridwan A., dan Kodariah L. 2016. "Ekstrak etanol seledri (Apium graveolens) sebagai anti-atherogenik pada tikus (Rattus norwegicus) yang diinduksi hyperlipidemia.” Prosiding Symbion, no. Ldl: 171-188.
- Antunes, L. C., Jessica L. E., Manoela N.J., et al. 2016. "Validation of HOMA-IR in a model of insulin-resistance induced by a high-fat diet in Wistar rats.” Archieves of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 60(2):138-42. doi: 10.1590/2359-3997000000169.
- Aref, A. B. M. et al. (2013) ‘Maternal rat diabetes mellitus deleteriously affects insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in the offspring', Journal of Diabetes Research, 2013(August). doi: 10.1155/2013/429154.
- Balitsa. 2008. PetunjukTeknisBudidayaSeledri. ISO 9001 : 2008. BalaiPenelitianTanamanSayuran, Bandung.
- Baynes J. W. dan Marek H. D. 2014. Medical biochemistry 4th ed. Elsevier. pp 264-283.
- Ghiasi, R. et al. (2015) ‘Swim training improves HOMA-IR in type 2 diabetes induced by high fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin in male rats', Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 5(3), pp. 379–384. doi: 10.15171/apb.2015.052.
- Harvi VD, Doss DVA. 2012 Anti-Lipidemic Effect of Apium graveolens and Cymbopogan Flexuous in Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Current Research. 2012;4(5):11-12.
- Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2007. Kebijakan Obat Tradisional Nasional. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor : 381/Menkes/SK/III/2007. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
- Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2014. Situasi dan Analisis Diabetes. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
- International Diabetes Federation. 2015. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th Edition. ISBN: 978-2-930229-81-2. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
- Ismael, A.K. 2011. Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effects of n-butanol Fraction of Celery (Apium graveolens) Seed Extract in Intact and STZ-Induced Diabetic Mature Male Rats.Research inPharmaceutical Biotechnology Vol. 4(2), pp. 24-29. DOI: 10.5897/RPB12.002
- Jung, Ji Young, Yeni Lim, Min Sun Moon, et al. 2011. "Onion peel extracts ameliorate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Nutr Metab (Lond). 8(1):18. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-18
- Jung, Un Ju, Yun Young Cho, dan Myung Sook Choi. 2016. "Apigenin Ameliorates Dyslipidemia, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance by Modulating Metabolic and Transcriptional Profiles in the Liver of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.” Nutrients. 8(5). pii: E305. doi: 10.3390/nu8050305.
- Konrad, D., Philip J.B., Zafar N., et al. 2002. "Need for GLUT4 Activation to Reach Maximum Effect of Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake in Brown Adipocytes Isolated From GLUT4myc-Expressing Mice”. Diabetes Journals. 51(9): 2719-2726. doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2719
- Kooti, W., Sara A. A., Majid A.S., et al. 2015. "A review on medicinal plant of Apium graveolens”. Advanced Herbal Medicine. Article 8, Volume 1, Issue 1, Winter 2015, Page 48-59.
- Mather, K. 2009. "Surrogate measures of insulin resistance: of rats, mice, and men.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296: E398–E399, 2009. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90889.2008.
- Niaz, K., Gull, S. and Zia, M. A. (2013) ‘Antihyperglycemic / Hypoglycemic Effect of Celery Seeds ( Ajwain / Ajmod ) in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Rats', Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 17(1), pp. 134–137.
- Qu, H. Q., Quan L., Anne R. R., et al. 2011. "The Definition of Insulin Resistance Using HOMA-IR for Americans of Mexican Descent Using Machine Learning.” PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21041. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021041.
- Saini, V. 2010. "Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.” World Journal of Diabetes. 1(3): 68–75. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v1.i3.68
- Wang, Z., Yang Y., Xiang X., et al. 2010. "[Estimation of the normal range of blood glucose in rats].” Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 39(2):133-7, 142.
- Weickert, M.O. 2012. "What dietary modification best improves insulin sensitivity and why?” Clinical Endocrinology. 77(4):508-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04450.x.
- Wulansari, D. D., Achmad B., dan Suhartatik. 2017. "Effect of Papaya Seed Extract (Carica Papaya Linn.) on Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT 4) Expression of Skeletal Muscle Tissue in Diabetic Mouse Induced by High Fructose Diet.” Traditional Medicine Journal. Vol. 22(2), p 131-138.
- Yusni, Y. et al. (2018) ‘The effects of celery leaf (Apium graveolens L.) treatment on blood glucose and insulin levels in elderly pre-diabetics', Saudi Medical Journal, 39(2), pp. 154–160. doi: 10.15537/smj.2018.2.21238.
References
Al-Saidi, A. (2012) ‘Antioxidant activity of n-butanol extract of celery (Apium graveolens) seed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats', Research in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 4(2), pp. 24–29. doi: 10.5897/RPB12.002.
Al-sa, J. A. A. and Al-shihmani, B. A. K. (2013) ‘Antihyperglycaemic and pancreatic regenerative effect of n- butanol extract of celery ( Apium graveolens ) seed in STZ- induced diabetic male rats .', (1).
Anggraeni, T., Ridwan A., dan Kodariah L. 2016. "Ekstrak etanol seledri (Apium graveolens) sebagai anti-atherogenik pada tikus (Rattus norwegicus) yang diinduksi hyperlipidemia.” Prosiding Symbion, no. Ldl: 171-188.
Antunes, L. C., Jessica L. E., Manoela N.J., et al. 2016. "Validation of HOMA-IR in a model of insulin-resistance induced by a high-fat diet in Wistar rats.” Archieves of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 60(2):138-42. doi: 10.1590/2359-3997000000169.
Aref, A. B. M. et al. (2013) ‘Maternal rat diabetes mellitus deleteriously affects insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in the offspring', Journal of Diabetes Research, 2013(August). doi: 10.1155/2013/429154.
Balitsa. 2008. PetunjukTeknisBudidayaSeledri. ISO 9001 : 2008. BalaiPenelitianTanamanSayuran, Bandung.
Baynes J. W. dan Marek H. D. 2014. Medical biochemistry 4th ed. Elsevier. pp 264-283.
Ghiasi, R. et al. (2015) ‘Swim training improves HOMA-IR in type 2 diabetes induced by high fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin in male rats', Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 5(3), pp. 379–384. doi: 10.15171/apb.2015.052.
Harvi VD, Doss DVA. 2012 Anti-Lipidemic Effect of Apium graveolens and Cymbopogan Flexuous in Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Current Research. 2012;4(5):11-12.
Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2007. Kebijakan Obat Tradisional Nasional. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor : 381/Menkes/SK/III/2007. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2014. Situasi dan Analisis Diabetes. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
International Diabetes Federation. 2015. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th Edition. ISBN: 978-2-930229-81-2. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
Ismael, A.K. 2011. Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effects of n-butanol Fraction of Celery (Apium graveolens) Seed Extract in Intact and STZ-Induced Diabetic Mature Male Rats.Research inPharmaceutical Biotechnology Vol. 4(2), pp. 24-29. DOI: 10.5897/RPB12.002
Jung, Ji Young, Yeni Lim, Min Sun Moon, et al. 2011. "Onion peel extracts ameliorate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Nutr Metab (Lond). 8(1):18. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-18
Jung, Un Ju, Yun Young Cho, dan Myung Sook Choi. 2016. "Apigenin Ameliorates Dyslipidemia, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance by Modulating Metabolic and Transcriptional Profiles in the Liver of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.” Nutrients. 8(5). pii: E305. doi: 10.3390/nu8050305.
Konrad, D., Philip J.B., Zafar N., et al. 2002. "Need for GLUT4 Activation to Reach Maximum Effect of Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake in Brown Adipocytes Isolated From GLUT4myc-Expressing Mice”. Diabetes Journals. 51(9): 2719-2726. doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2719
Kooti, W., Sara A. A., Majid A.S., et al. 2015. "A review on medicinal plant of Apium graveolens”. Advanced Herbal Medicine. Article 8, Volume 1, Issue 1, Winter 2015, Page 48-59.
Mather, K. 2009. "Surrogate measures of insulin resistance: of rats, mice, and men.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296: E398–E399, 2009. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90889.2008.
Niaz, K., Gull, S. and Zia, M. A. (2013) ‘Antihyperglycemic / Hypoglycemic Effect of Celery Seeds ( Ajwain / Ajmod ) in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Rats', Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 17(1), pp. 134–137.
Qu, H. Q., Quan L., Anne R. R., et al. 2011. "The Definition of Insulin Resistance Using HOMA-IR for Americans of Mexican Descent Using Machine Learning.” PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21041. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021041.
Saini, V. 2010. "Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.” World Journal of Diabetes. 1(3): 68–75. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v1.i3.68
Wang, Z., Yang Y., Xiang X., et al. 2010. "[Estimation of the normal range of blood glucose in rats].” Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 39(2):133-7, 142.
Weickert, M.O. 2012. "What dietary modification best improves insulin sensitivity and why?” Clinical Endocrinology. 77(4):508-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04450.x.
Wulansari, D. D., Achmad B., dan Suhartatik. 2017. "Effect of Papaya Seed Extract (Carica Papaya Linn.) on Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT 4) Expression of Skeletal Muscle Tissue in Diabetic Mouse Induced by High Fructose Diet.” Traditional Medicine Journal. Vol. 22(2), p 131-138.
Yusni, Y. et al. (2018) ‘The effects of celery leaf (Apium graveolens L.) treatment on blood glucose and insulin levels in elderly pre-diabetics', Saudi Medical Journal, 39(2), pp. 154–160. doi: 10.15537/smj.2018.2.21238.