Main Article Content

Abstract

Highlights:
1. This study emphasizes the importance of providing physical exercises to pre-frail elderly individuals, especially in a community setting.
2. This study establishes a foundation for future research to explore the relationship between physical exercise, particularly the Vivifrail Type C Protocol, and cognitive function in pre-frail elderly individuals.


 


Abstract


Frailty is a clinical syndrome that increases vulnerability, potentially leading to disability or death. The pre-frail phase is ideal for preventing frailty and improving quality-adjusted life years, particularly through physical exercises that reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. Multicomponent exercises, such as the Vivifrail Exercise Program, may enhance cognitive function and daily independence by preventing and mitigating frailty through tailored routines. However, its impact on cognitive function in pre-frail elderly people had not been well studied. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Vivifrail Exercise Program Type C on the cognitive function of pre-frail elderly people. This study was a quasi-experiment with a non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design. The sample was chosen by the quota sampling method. Twenty-seven subjects were analyzed, comprising 16 individuals in the exercise group and 11 individuals in the control group. The exercise group participated in the Vivivfrail Type C Exercise Program, with 45-minute sessions conducted biweekly for 12 weeks. The evaluated parameters included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian Version (MoCA-INA) and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA). The statistical analysis utilized the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the post-hoc Mann-Whitney test and independent t-test (p<0.05). A path analysis was performed using simple linear regression. The subjects' average ages were 72.2 years in the control group and 67.47 years in the exercise group. The Vivifrail Exercises Program Type C significantly improved the MoCA-INA scores from 20.25 to 24.06. It also increased the LOTCA scores in several domains, i.e., thinking operations and visual perception. The exercise group demonstrated more improvement than the control group (p=0.032). An enhancement in cognitive function was particularly observed in elderly women with pre-frailty. In conclusion, the Vivifrail Exercise Program Type C can help improve the cognitive function of the elderly within the community.

Keywords

VIVIFRAIL Type C Exercise quality-adjusted life year pre-frailty elderly

Article Details

How to Cite
Sri Soenarti, Dwi Indriani Lestari, Muhammad Barlian Nugroho, Harien Lestari, & Tita Hariyanti. (2024). Rehabilitation Impact of Vivifrail Exercise Program Type C on the Cognitive Function of Pre-Frail Elderly People in the Community. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 60(3), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v60i3.62581

References

  1. Alghadir AH, Gabr SA, Al-Eisa ES (2016). Effects of moderate aerobic exercise on cognitive abilities and redox state biomarkers in older adults ed. McAnulty S. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. doi: 10.1155/2016/2545168.
  2. Borges MK, Oiring de Castro Cezar N, Silva Santos Siqueira1 A, et al (2019). The relationship between physical frailty and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: A systematic review. The Journal of Frailty & Aging 1–6. doi: 10.14283/jfa.2019.29.
  3. Brigola AG, Rossetti ES, Santos BR dos, et al (2015). Relationship between cognition and frailty in elderly: A systematic review. Dementia & Neuropsychologia 9, 110–119. doi: 10.1590/1980-57642015DN92000005.
  4. Buchebner D, Bartosch P, Malmgren L, et al (2019). Association between vitamin D, frailty, and progression of frailty in community-dwelling older women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, 6139–6147. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00573.
  5. Casas-Herrero A, Anton-Rodrigo I, Zambom-Ferraresi F, et al (2019). Effect of a multicomponent exercise programme (VIVIFRAIL) on functional capacity in frail community elders with cognitive decline: Study protocol for a randomized multicentre control trial. Trials 20, 362. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3426-0.
  6. Chang CW, Su KC, Lu FC, et al (2021). Visual function and visual perception among senior citizens with mild cognitive impairment in Taiwan. Healthcare 10, 20. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10010020.
  7. Davies B, García F, Ara I, et al (2018). Relationship between sarcopenia and frailty in the toledo study of healthy aging: A population based cross-sectional study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 19, 282–286. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.09.014.
  8. Eggenberger P, Theill N, Holenstein S, et al (2015). Multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training to enhance dual-task walking of older adults: a secondary analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Clinical Interventions in Aging 1711 doi: 10.2147/CIA.S91997.
  9. Enderlin C, Rooker J, Ball S, et al (2015). Summary of factors contributing to falls in older adults and nursing implications. Geriatric Nursing (Minneap) 36, 397–406. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015. 08.006.
  10. Gavelin HM, Dong C, Minkov R, et al (2021). Combined physical and cognitive training for older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ageing Research Reviews 66, 101232. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101232.
  11. IBM Corp. 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/download ing-ibm-spss-statistics-26-end-support-30-sep-2025.
  12. Izquierdo M, Merchant RA, Morley JE, et al (2021). International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): Expert consensus guidelines.The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 25, 824–853. doi: 10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8.
  13. Kang JM, Cho YS, Park S, et al (2018). Montreal cognitive assessment reflects cognitive reserve. BMC Geriatrics 18, 261. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0951-8.
  14. Lee HJ, Kim KD (2018). Effect of physical activity on cognition and daily living activities of the elderly with mild dementia. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 30, 428–433. doi: 10.1589/jpts.30.428.
  15. Lei X, Wu Y, Xu M, et al (2019). Physical exercise: Bulking up neurogenesis in human adults. Cell & Bioscience 9, 74. doi: 10.1186/s13578-019-0337-4.
  16. Lorenzo-López L, Maseda A, de Labra C, et al (2017). Nutritional determinants of frailty in older adults: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics 17, 108. doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0496-2.
  17. Martin FC, Ranhoff AH (2021). Frailty and sarcopenia. In, pp. 53–65. Available at: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-48126-1_4.
  18. Nay K, Smiles WJ, Kaiser J, et al (2021). Molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on brain function and neurological disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, 4052. doi: 10.3390/ijms22084052.
  19. O’Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O’Donovan MR, et al (2021). Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age and Ageing 50, 96–104. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afaa219.
  20. Ostertagová E, Ostertag O, Kováč J (2014). Methodology and application of the Kruskal-Wallis test. Applied Mechanics and Materials 611, 115–120. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM. 611.115.
  21. Petridou E (2020). Cognitive frailty: A brief review. Journal of Research and Practice on the Musculoskeletal System 4, 113–124. doi: 10.22540/JRPMS-04-113.
  22. Rossi PG, Carnavale BF, Farche ACS, et al (2021). Effects of physical exercise on the cognition of older adults with frailty syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 93, 104322. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104322.
  23. Sánchez-Sánchez JL, de Souto Barreto P, Antón-Rodrigo I, et al (2022a). Effects of a 12-week Vivifrail exercise program on intrinsic capacity among frail cognitively impaired community-dwelling older adults: Secondary analysis of a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Age and Ageing. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac303.
  24. Sánchez-Sánchez JL, Udina C, Medina-Rincón A, et al. (2022b). Effect of a multicomponent exercise program and cognitive stimulation (VIVIFRAIL-COGN) on falls in frail community older persons with high risk of falls: Study protocol for a randomized multicenter control trial. BMC Geriatrics 22, 612. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03214-0.
  25. Satake S, Arai H (2020). Chapter 1 frailty: Definition, diagnosis, epidemiology. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 20, 7–13. doi: 10.1111/ggi.13830.
  26. Setiati S, Soejono CH, Harimurti K, et al (2021). Frailty and its associated risk factors: First phase analysis of multicentre Indonesia longitudinal aging study. Frontiers in Medicine. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.658580.
  27. Sink KM, Espeland MA, Castro CM, et al (2015). Effect of a 24-month physical activity intervention vs health education on cognitive outcomes in sedentary older adults. JAMA 314, 781. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.9617.
  28. Soenarti S, Mahendra AI, Rudijanto A, et al (2024). Cognitive status and low sun exposure as frailty major risk factor among older people in a rural area of East Java, Indonesia: A cross‐sectional study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 24, 170–175. doi: 10.1111/ggi.14738.
  29. Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pérez-Ros P, et al (2016). A multicomponent exercise Intervention that Reverses Frailty and improves cognition, emotion, and social networking in the community-dwelling frail elderly: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 17, 426–433. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.01.019.
  30. Vaughan L, Goveas J, Corbin A (2015). Depression and frailty in later life: a systematic review. Clinical Interventions in Aging 1947. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S69632.
  31. Wang SY, Gong ZK, Sen J (2014). The usefulness of the loewenstein occupational therapy cognition assessment in evaluating cognitive function in patients with stroke. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 18, 3665–3672. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 25535138/.
  32. Yang K, Banamah A (2014). Quota sampling as an alternative to probability sampling? an experimental study. Sociological Research Online 19, 56–66. doi: 10.5153/sro.3199.
  33. Yoon DH, Lee JY, Song W (2018). Effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 22, 944–951. doi: 10.1007/s12603-018-1090-9.
  34. Zhuang L, Yang Y, Gao J (2021). Cognitive assessment tools for mild cognitive impairment screening. Journal of Neurology 268, 1615–1622. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09506-7.