RISK FACTORS FOR LEPROSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Downloads
Introduction: In 2021, the global prevalence rate of registered leprosy cases stands was 16.9 cases per one million people, with a case detection rate of 17.83 new cases per one million people. This indicates a 10.2% rise in new cases compared to the previous year. Aims: This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with leprosy. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this study were articles published in the last five years, available in full-text, and written either in Indonesian or English. Articles that were literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or classified as grey literature were excluded. The exclusion criteria were established to determine which studies to include in this study. Results: This study found that leprosy is associated with household density, personal hygiene, history of contacts, ventilation, humidity levels, BCG vaccination history, flooring type, house lighting, temperature, and wall type. Personal hygiene was identified as the primary risk factor for leprosy based on individual characteristics and behaviors, while household density was identified as the most significant risk factor based on the physical environment of the occupants. Therefore, poor personal hygiene and high residential density increase the risk of leprosy. Conclusion: The key risk factors for leprosy include household density and personal hygiene, while a history of BCG vaccination serves as a protective factor. This study provides valuable information for governments and stakeholders to assess healthy household indicators and promote clean and healthy living practices in communities
Adrianto, H. and Yuwono, N., 2018. Pengantar Blok Penyakit Tropis Dari Zaman Kuno Hingga Abad 21 Terkini. Jember: Pustaka Abadi.
Akbar, H., 2020. Faktor Risiko Kejadian Kusta Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Juntinyuat the Risk Factors in the Occurence of Leprosy in the Working Area of Juntinyuat Health Center. Jurnal Wiyata: Penelitian Sains dan Kesehatan, [online] 7(1), pp.37–47.
Amsikan, N.S., Riwu, Y.R. and Tira, D.S., 2019. Hubungan Faktor Risiko dengan Kejadian Penyakit Kusta di Kota Kupang Tahun 2018. Lontar : Journal of Community Health, [online] 1(1), pp.7–15. https://doi.org/10.35508/ljch.v1i1.2152
Arifin, I.F., Prakoeswa, F.R.S., Prakoswa, C.R.S., Santoso, K.H., Utomo, B., Mahmudiono, T. and Wardoyo, A.S., 2022. Nutrition As a Risk Factor of Child Leprosy in Gresik District 2019. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, [online] 10(1), p.86. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbe.V10I12022.86-94
da Conceição, J.R., Lopes, C.P.G., Ferreira, E.I., Epiphanio, S. and Giarolla, J., 2022. Neglected tropical diseases and systemic racism especially in Brazil: from socio-economic aspects to the development of new drugs. Acta tropica, 235(August), p.106654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106654
Fadlila, A., Nurzila, U. and Adriyani, R., 2022. the Relationship Between Physical Conditions of House and Sanitation With Leprosy Case in Patients At Sumberglagah Mojokerto Hospital. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, [online] 17(3), pp.395–405. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v17i3.2022.395-405
Fahrunnisa, F.Z., Noor, N.N., Syafar, M., Zulkifli, A., Ansariadi and Syamsuar, 2020. Analysis of demographic, socio-economic and biological factors with the incidence of leprosy in bombana regency southeast sulawesi province. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, [online] 14(4), pp.2901–2907. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.12031
Fitriani, N., Rahardjo, M., Health, Y.D.-I.J. of and 2022, U., 2022. Mapping Risk Factors In The Event Of Leprosy In Adiwerna District, Tegal Regency. The International Journal of Health, Education, and Social, [online] 5(6), pp.57–69.
Fitriya, I., Rahayu, U. and Sunarko, B., 2021. Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Rumah, Personal Hygiene dengan Kejadian Kusta Tahun 2020 (Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Talango, Kecamatan Talango, Kabupaten Sumenep). Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan, [online] 19(1). https://doi.org/10.36568/kesling.v19i1.1295
Hacker, M.A., Sales, A.M., Duppre, N.C., Sarno, E.N. and Moraes, M.O., 2021. Leprosy incidence and risk estimates in a 33-year contact cohort of leprosy patients. Scientific Reports, [online] 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81643-4
Harlim, A., Yulia, H.C. and Suci, A.M., 2019. Relation Between Contact History And Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccination Status With Leprosy Case In Dr. Sitanala Hospital. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 10(5), pp.32535–39.
Karotia, D., Kishore, J. and Kumar, A., 2022. Risk Factors associated with Leprosy and its Disability in Araria, A High Endemic District of India. Journal of Communicable Diseases, [online] 54(2), pp.72–82. https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202274.
Lathifah, N. and Adriyani, R., 2020. Hubungan Lingkungan Fisik Rumah Dan Keberadaan Dna Mycobacterium Leprae Pada Sumber Air Dengan Kejadian Kusta Di Kecamatan Winongan Kabupaten Pasuruan Tahun 2018. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan, [online] 18(1), pp.32–37.
Luthfia, R., Pramuningtyas, R., Shoim Dasuki, M., Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa Fakultas Kedokteran, F., Muhammadiyah Surakarta Korespondensi, U. and Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa Alamat, F., 2021. Status Gizi dan Personal Hygiene Berpengaruh Terhadap Kusta Wanita Di Kabupaten Gresik. In: Proceeding Book National Symposium and Workshop Continuing Medical Education XIV. Proceeding Book National Symposium and Workshop Continuing Medical Education XIV.
Marsanti, A.S. and Ardiani, H., 2020. Hubungan Antara Personal Hygiene Dengan Kejadian Kusta Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Wonoasri Kabupaten Madiun. Jurnal Keperawatan dan Kesehatan Masyarakat Cendekia Utama, [online] 9(2), p.102. https://doi.org/10.31596/jcu.v9i2.590
Masrizal, M., Ananda, P.R. and Ilham, R., 2020. Risk factors of leprosy and how its treatment it environmentally-friendly. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, [online] 1469(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1469/1/012113
Mishra, S.R., Dhimal, M., Bhandari, P.M. and Adhikari, B., 2017. Sanitation for all: The global opportunity to increase transgenerational health gains and better understand the link between NCDs and NTDs, a scoping review. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 3(1), pp.1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-017-0051-3
Nisa, A.H., . N. and Diana Nerawati, A., 2018. Hubungan Karakteristik Individu dengan Kejadian Penyakit Kusta (Studi Kasus di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tanjung Kabupaten Sampang Tahun 2018). Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan, [online] 16(3). https://doi.org/10.36568/kesling.v16i3.893
Nurzila, U. and Adriyani, R., 2019. the Effect of Contact History and Immunization Status on the New Case of Leprosy. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, [online] 7(2), p.112. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbe.V7I22019.112-119
Oktavian, A., Arisanti, Y., Tanjung, R. and Mirino, Y., 2018. Faktor Risiko Potensial Reaksi Kusta Pada Etnis Asli di Dua Kantong Kusta – Papua. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, [online] 46(4), pp.225–232. https://doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v46i4.17
Pertiwi, J., 2019. Systematic Review: Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Akurasi Koding Diagnosis Di Rumah Sakit. Smiknas, pp.41–50.
Prakoeswa, F.R.S., 2021. Peran Kualitas Kesehatan Komunitas dan Respon Imun pada Kusta. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.
Prakoeswa, F.R.S., 2022. Buku Ajar Kusta : Implikasi Klinis Dalam Penegakkan Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Untuk Petugas Kesehatan, Mahasiswa Kedokteran dan Dokter Umum. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.
Prakoeswa, F.R.S., Haerani, D.I., Ratnaasri, U.D., Prasetyo, B., Martini, S., Notobroto, H.B., Soebono, H., Husada, D., Endaryanto, A., Listiawan, M.Y. and Prakoeswa, C.R.S., 2021. Correlation between leprosy children with nutritional status, personal hygiene, BCG vaccination history and occupancy density in gresik regency. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, [online] 12(1), pp.574–578. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4379825
Prakoeswa, F.R.S., Ilhami, A.Z., Luthfia, R., Putri, A.S., Soebono, H., Husada, D., Notobroto, H.B., Listiawan, M.Y., Endaryanto, A. and Prakoeswa, C.R.S., 2020. Correlation Analysis between Household Hygiene and Sanitation and Nutritional Status and Female Leprosy in Gresik Regency. Dermatology Research and Practice, [online] 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4379825
Prasmadi, J., Mulyadi, A. and Zahtamal, 2018. Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Fisik Rumah Dan Karakteristik Masyarakat Terhadap Kejadian Penyakit Kusta Di Kecamatan Keritang Kabupaten Indragrirhilir. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, [online] 12(2), p.19.
Rhomdani, F. and Sulistyorini, L., 2020. The Case of Leprosy in Work Area of Talango Health Center in Sumenep Regency: Case Control Study. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, [online] 12(1), p.21. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1.2020.21-29
Rodrigues, T.S.V., Gomes, L.C., Cortela, D.C.B., Silva, E.A., Silva, C.A.L. and Ferreira, S.M.B., 2019. Factors associated with leprosy in children contacts of notified adults in an endemic region of Midwest Brazil. Jornal de Pediatria, [online] 96(5), pp.593–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.04.004
Siagian, J.L.S., Sariana Pangaribuan and Atika S Ulimpa, 2022. Risk Factors for Leprosy at Baingkete Makbon District Sorong Regency. Science Midwifery, [online] 10(5), pp.4211–4218. https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v10i5.985
da Silva, F.V., Sousa, G.D.S., Silva, P.R. de S., Dos Santos, E.S., Machado, R.B.F., Cortela, D. da C.B. and Ferreira, S.M.B., 2021. Social, environmental, and epidemiological aspects of leprosy occurrence in children in a hyperendemic region of Brazil. Leprosy Review, [online] 92(4), pp.398–405. https://doi.org/10.47276/lr.92.4.398
Siswanti and Wijayanti, Y., 2018. Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Kejadian Kusta. Higeia Journal of Public Health Research and Development., [online] 2(3), pp.352–362.
Tuturop, K.L., Adimuntja, N.P. and Borlyin, D.E., 2022. Faktor Risiko Kejadian Penyakit Kusta di Puskesmas Kotaraja. Jambura Journal of Epidemiology, [online] 1(1), pp.1–10. https://doi.org/10.37905/jje.v1i1.14622
World Health Organization, 2020. Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2021. Neglected Tropical Disease. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2022. Global Leprosy (Hansen Disease) Update, 2021: Moving Towards Interruption of Transmission.
Weekly Epidemiological Record, Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zaelani, A., Sunita, A. and Utami, S., 2021. Pengaruh Personal Hygiene Terhadap Terjadinya Penyakit Kusta di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sukatani Kabupaten Purwakarta Tahun 2020. Jurnal Bidang Ilmu Kesehatan, [online] 11(2), pp.190–200. https://doi.org/10.52643/jbik.v11i2.1389
Copyright (c) 2024 The Indonesian Journal of Public Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The authors agree to transfer the transfer copyright of the article to The Indonesian Journal of Public Health effective if and when the paper is accepted for publication.
- Authors and other parties are bound to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License for the published articles, legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA), implies that:
- Attribution ” You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial ” You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike ” If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
