Pemblokiran Penunjukkan Anggota Appellate Body Berkenaan Dengan Pemenuhan Right To Access To Justice Dalam World Trade Organization
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Sistem penyelesaian sengketa World Trade Organization (WTO) menjadi sangat penting jika menyangkut right to access to justice dalam perdagangan internasional. Sebagai bagian dari sistem penyelesaian sengketa WTO, Appellate Body (AB) turut berperan dalam pemenuhan right to access to justice bagi negara-negara anggota WTO. Keberadaan AB telah menjamin dan memperkuat konsistensi serta kepastian terhadap penafsiran aturan perdagangan internasional. Namun, peran AB tersebut terancam karena Amerika Serikat. Sejak tahun 2017, Amerika Serikat telah memblokir proses penunjukkan dan penunjukkan kembali anggota AB. Per 11 Desember 2019, AB tidak dapat melakukan peninjauan banding karena kurangnya kuorum divisi. Berdasarkan aspek prosedural, institusi penyelesaian sengketa harus dapat berfungsi agar mampu memenuhi right to access to justice. Pemblokiran yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat telah menciderai pemenuhan right to access to justice negara-negara anggota WTO.
Buku
David Palmeter dan Petros C. Mavroidis, Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization: Practice and Procedure (Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1999).
Francesco Francioni (ed), Access to Justice as a Human Right (Oxford University Press 2007).
Lukasz Gruszczynski dan Wouter Werner (ed), Deference in International Courts and Tribunals: Standard of Review and Margin of Appreciation (Oxford University Press 2014).
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum (Cetakan VI Kencana 2010).
United States Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, State of the Judiciary and Access to Justice Hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives Ninety-Fifth Congress (U.S. Government Printing Office 1977).
Kontribusi pada Buku
Debra P. Steger, ‘The Appellate Body and its contribution to WTO Dispute Settlement', dalam D. L. M. Kennedy & J. D. Southwick (ed), The Political Economy of International Trade Law: Essays in Honor of Robert E. Hudec (Cambridge University Press 2002).
Jens Lehne, ‘Crisis at the WTO: Is the Blocking of Appointments to the WTO Appellate Body by the United States Legally Justified?'. dalam Daniel Hurlimann dan Marc Thommen (eds), sui generis, (Carl Grossmann Publishers 2019).
Jurnal
Alberto do Amaral Junior, Luciana Maria de Oliveira Sa Pires, dan Cristiane Lucena Carneiro (eds), The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: A Developing Country Perspective, (Springer Nature Switzerland 2019).
Donald McRae, ‘Measuring the Effectiveness of the WTO Dispute Settlement System', (2008) 2 Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy.
Gbenga Oduntan, ‘Access to justice in international courts for indigent states, persons and peoples' (2018) 58 Indian Journal of International Law.
Geraldo Vidigal, ‘Living without the Appellate Body: Hegemonic, Fragmented and Network Authority In International Trade' (2019) 15 Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper.
Gregory Shaffer, ‘How to Make the WTO Dispute Settlement System Work for Developing Countries: Some Proactive Developing Country Strategies' (2003) 5 ICTSD Resource Paper.
Henry S. Gao, ‘Disruptive construction or constructive destruction? Reflections on the Appellate Body crisis' (2020) 1 Reasearch Collection Scholl Of Law Singapore Management University.
Inez Lopes, ‘Dispute Settlement Body of The WTO: Access to Developing Countries?' (2014). 1 Journal of the Graduate Program in Law of University of Brasilia.
Joost Pauwelyn, ‘WTO Dispute Settlement Post 2019: What to Expect?' (2019) 22 Journal of International Economic Law.
Koesrianti, ‘WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Indonesia's Prospective in International Trading System' (2015). 27 Mimbar Hukum.
Mauro Cappelletti dan Bryant G. Garth, ‘Access to Justice: The Newest Wave in the Worldwide Movement to Make Rights Effective' (1978) 27 Buffalo Law Review.
Miao He, ‘Sustainable Development through the Right to Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in China' (2019) MDPI Journal.
Peter Van den Bossche, ‘From Afterthought to Centerpiece: The WTO Appellate Body and its Rise to Prominence in the World Trading System', (2005) 1 Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper.
Robert O. Keohane, Andrew Moravesik, dan Anne-Marie Slaughter, ‘Legalized Dispute Resolution: Interstate and Transnational' (2000) 54 International Organization.
Tetyana Payosova, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, and Jeffrey J. Schott, ‘The Dispute Settlement Crisis in the World Trade Organization: Causes and Cures' (2018) Peterson Institute For International Economics.
Thesis
Yasir Altaf, Access to Justice in International Trade with Particular Focus on Developing & Least Developed Members in WTO (University of Iceland 2018).
Paper
Reem Bahdi, Background Paper on Women's Access to Justice in the MENA Region for International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Women's Rights and Citizenship (WRC) Program and the Middle East Regional Office (MERO) Middle East and North African (MENA) Regional Consultation December 9th –11th 2007, Cairo, Egypt”. https://www.uwindsor.ca/law/rbahdi/sites/uwindsor.ca.law.rbahdi/files/womens_access_to_justice_in_mena-bahdi_en.pdf.
Perjanjian Internasional
Annex 2 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 1994 Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
Laman
United State International Trade Commission (USTR), ‘Statement by Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer on Retaliatory Duties' (Press Release, 26 Juni 2018) <https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/june/statement-ambassador-robert-e> accessed 26 Januari 2020.
Dokumen Lain
Minutes of the DSB Meeting pada 23 November 2016 (WT/DSB/M/389).
Minutes of the DSB Meeting pada 27 Agustus 2018 (WT/DSB/M/417).
Minutes of the DSB Meeting pada 5 Oktober 2011 (WT/DSB/M/304).
Thailand – Customs And Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines Recourse to Article 22.2 of the DSU by the Philippines Communication from Thailand, WT/DS371/36, (11 Maret 2020).
