Perubahan Baseline Negara Kepulauan Akibat Perubahan Iklim dalam Hukum Internasional
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Abstract
Climate change is a natural phenomenon that occur through a complicated and an evolutionary process. The impact of such natural phenomena is expected to shift the state's baseline following the geographical condition, consequently, it will also change the maritime zone owned by the state. The Law of the Sea has not regulated such impacts of the shifting baselines caused by natural phenomena which indicates a legal vacuum on this matter. This legal research examines the regulations and its implications which can be the basis of an archipelagic state's shifting baselines coverage due to natural phenomena. States have the discretion to establish their coordinates point and geographical maps, moreover, based on the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982), States are required to make official map deposits to the United Nations Secretary-General. The deposited baseline is permanent as long as the state does not make any updates.
Keywords: Baseline; Climate Change; Archipelagic States; Law of The Sea.
Abstrak
Permukaan air laut yang meningkat menjadi salah satu akibat dari perubahan iklim. Fenomena meningkatnya permukaan air laut merupakan peristiwa alami yang terjadi secara evolusi sehingga proses terjadinya memerlukan jangka waktu yang lama. Dampak dari fenomena alam tersebut dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya pergeseran baseline negara mengikuti kondisi geografis yang terdampak sehingga terjadi perubahan wilayah negara atas laut. Hukum Laut belum mengatur mengenai kemungkinan terjadinya pergeseran baseline akibat fenomena alam ini sehingga merupakan suatu kekosongan hukum yang dapat menjadi potensi sengketa antar negara. Penelitian ini mengkaji atas dampak dan pengaturan yang dapat menjadi landasan apabila terjadi perubahan baseline negara terutama negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia yang sangat rentan akibat fenomena alam. Setiap Negara memiliki diskresi untuk menetapkan koordinat serta peta geografisnya mengingat kondisi wilayah yang berbeda-beda, dan berdasarkan Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982 (UNCLOS 1982), negara wajib melakukan deposit peta resmi ke Sekretaris Jenderal PBB. Baseline yang telah didepositkan merupakan baseline yang tetap selama negara tidak melakukan pembaharuan.
Kata Kunci: Baseline; Perubahan Iklim; Negara Kepulauan; Hukum Laut.
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