Tinjauan Yuridis Cyber Espionage Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional
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Abstract
Due to the rapid transformation of technology causing a subliminal changes on how states spy upon each other. With the help of technology and cyber infrastructure, states tend to use cyber technology as its main facility to conduct an espionage towards other states. Cyber espionage has come to represent national security and economic threat, due to all the classified information that already been massively stolen by another country. The aim of this research paper is to analyze and clarify pertaining the role of International law specifically towards this kind of act of espionage, and perceive the state responsibility of perpetrator which is states. It can be concluded that cyber espionage does not per se regulated under international law, but its lawfulness depends on the way in which it operation carried out may violate specific international conventions or any other international law principles.
Keywords: Cyberlaw; Cyber Espionage; International Law.
Abstrak
Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi dan digitalisasi mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan metode dan cara dalam pelaksanaan tindakan spionase oleh negara terhadap negara lain guna mengumpulkan fakta dan informasi yang berkaitan dengan perkembangan politik, ekonomi, teknologi, dll melalui kapabilitas teknologi siber atau kerap disebut sebagai cyber espionage. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis terkait peranan hukum internasional dalam mengatur tindakan tersebut dalam tataran internasional dan bagaimana pertanggungjawaban dari negara pelaku tindakan cyber espionage. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa belum ada konvensi international khusus yang mengatur mengenai cyber espionage sehingga tindakan cyber espionage itu sendiri merupakan tindakan yang masih belum diatur secara international.
Kata Kunci: Hukum Siber; Cyber Espionage; Hukum Internasional.
Buku
Aaron Shull, Cyber Espionage and International Law (GigaNet 2013).
Asril Sitompul, Hukum Internet; Pengenalan Mengenai Masalah Hukum di Cyberspace (Citra Aditya Bakti 2001).
Bert-Jaap Koops, Cybercrime and Jurisdiction (Information Technology & Series, Chapter 2006).
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Francois Delerue, Cyber Operations and International Law (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law 2020).
J.G. Starke, Pengantar Hukum Internasional (Sinar Grafika 2008).
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Jurnal
Baker D., Christopher,‘Tolerance of International Espionage: A Functional Approach'(2003) Vol. 19 Issue 5 American University International Law Review.
Geoffrey B Demarest, Lt. Col, ‘Espionage in International law' (1991) Denver Journal of International law and Policy.
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Laman
ABC News, "George Brandis briefed by ASIO on Claims China stole classified blueprints of Canberra” dikunjungi pada tanggal 2 Juli 2021.
Alexander Abad-Santos, "China is Winning the Cyber War Because They Hacked U.S. Plans for Real War”, , dikunjungi pada tanggal 28 Maret 2013.
Christopher Bing, "U.S. cybersecurity experts see recent spike in Chinese digital espionage”, , dikunjungi pada tanggal 27 Maret 2021.
Fireeye, "Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (Temp.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries, , diakses pada tanggal 3 Juli 2021.
Kenneth Rapoza, "U.S. Hacked China Universities, Mobile Phones, Snowden tells China Press”, dikunjungi pada 3 Juli 2021.
Navarette Inaki, Why Silence Isn't Always Golden: Espionage Exceptions under Customary International Law, dikunjungi pada tanggal 16 Maret 2021.
Andy Greenberg,' Meet the Mad Scientist Who Wrote the Book on How to Hunt Hackers,' dikunjungi pada tanggal 17 Januari 2021.
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DSLA, "Cyber Law: Pengertian dan Tujuan Cyber Law di Indonesia” dikunjungi pada tanggal 25 Desember 2020.
Konvensi Internasional
Hague Convention IV With Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land Articles on State Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) 2001.
Council of Europe, Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest 2001).
Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of States.
Friendly Declaration 1970.
Montevido Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 1933.
Piagam PBB (UN Charter).
The Antartic Treaty 1959.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer space.
United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea.
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations1961.
Vienna Convetion on Consular Relations 1963.
Putusan
Corfu Channel Case, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. People's Republic of Albania, Assessment of Compensation, 15 XII 49, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 15 Desember 1949.
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua, Nicaragua v. United States, Merits, Judgment, (1986) ICJ Rep 14, ICGJ 112.
Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic (Appeal Judgement), IT-94-1-A, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 15 Juli 1999.
S.S. ‘Lotus”, France v Turkey, Judgment No. 9, PCIJ Series A no 10, ICGJ 248 (PCIJ 1927).
