Global Response towards the Transnationalism of Illegal Rhinoceros Commodity Hunting and Trading in South Africa
Downloads
Globalization, which coincides with the formation of a global economic network, has provided convenience in various aspects as well as created new threats, one of them is illegal poaching and illegal trade in wildlife commodities. This is illustrated in this paper through the integration of Africa into the dynamics of the global economy which also has a negative impact in the form of increasing cases of illegal poaching and trade in wildlife commodities, especially African rhino species. The results of this qualitative research found that the issue of poaching wild rhinos in the African region experienced a drastic increase in the early 2010s and reached its peak in 2016 with South Africa as the hotspot as well as the starting point of the supply chain on this issue. Even though the South African government has ratified the Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and made various prevention efforts, the South African government is still experiencing bureaucratic limitations and conflicts of interest in dealing with this issue. As a result, the "transnational” term of illegal wildlife hunting and trade operations also requires other collaborative steps involving various international state organizations (IGOs) and non-state (INGOs) working in the same field.
Keywords: Rhinoceros, Rhino Horn, South Africa, Poaching, Illicit Trade
Globalisasi yang bersamaan dengan terbentuknya jaringan perekonomian global pada faktanya telah memberikan kemudahan di berbagai aspek sekaligus memunculkan berbagai ancaman baru, salah satunya adalah perburuan dan perdagangan komoditas margasatwa ilegal. Hal tersebut diilustrasikan dalam tulisan ini melalui integrasi Afrika ke dalam dinamika ekonomi global yang tidak hanya berdampak positif, tetapi juga memunculkan dampak negatif berupa meningkatnya kasus perburuan dan perdagangan komoditas margasatwa ilegal, khususnya spesies badak Afrika. Hasil penelitian kualitatif ini menemukan bahwa isu perburuan badak liar di wilayah Afrika mengalami peningkatan drastis di awal dekade 2010-an dan mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 2016 dengan Afrika Selatan sebagai hotspot sekaligus titik awal rantai suplai dalam isu tersebut. Kendati pemerintah Afrika Selatan telah meratifikasi Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) dan melakukan berbagai upaya pencegahan, pemerintah Afrika Selatan nyatanya masih mengalami keterbatasan birokrasi dan konflik kepentingan dalam mengatasi isu tersebut. Alhasil, sifat transnasional dalam operasi perburuan dan perdagangan satwa ilegal juga menuntut adanya langkah kolaboratif lain yang melibatkan berbagai organisasi internasional negara (IGOs) dan non-negara (INGOs) yang bergerak di bidang yang sama.
Kata-kata Kunci: Badak, Cula Badak, Afrika Selatan, Perburuan, dan Perdagangan Ilegal
Buku dan Bab dalam Buku
Halpin, Darren, dan Peter McLaverty, 2010. "Legitimating INGO Advocacy: The Case of Internal Democracies”, dalam Steffek, J., et al. (eds), 2010. Evaluating Transnational NGOs. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Dijk, Jan, dan Toine Spapens, 2014. "Transnational Organized Crime Networks Across the World”, dalam Albanese, Jay S., dan Philip L. Reichel (eds.), 2013. Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents. London: SAGE Publication Inc.
Jurnal
Andreas, Peter, 2011. "Illicit Globalization: Myths Misconception and Historical Lesson”, Political Science Quarterly, 126 (31):1-23.
Laporan
Moneron, Sade, et al., 2020. Insight from the Incarcerated: An Assessment of the Illicit Supply Chain in Wildlife in South Africa.
South African National Park, 2020. South African National Parks Annual Report 2019/2020.
United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime, 2020.World Wildlife Crime Report: Trafficking in The Protected Species.
Publikasi Resmi
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10, 2004. Cape Town: Republic of South African Government.
Artikel Daring
Animal Survival International, 2022. "South African Rhino Horn Worth $15-million USD Seized in Singapore” [daring]. dalam https://animalsurvival.org/trade-and-legislation/south-african-rhino-horn-worth-15-million-seized-in-singapore/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Christy, Bryan, 2017. "South Africa Just Lifted Its Ban on Rhino Horn Trade”, National Geographic, 16 Mei [daring]. dalam https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/160523-rhino-horn-ban-south-africa-cites-smuggling-john-hume-rhino-ranching-swaziland [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
CITES, 2022. "Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to CITES in Effect After the 19th Meeting” [daring]. dalam https://cites.org/eng/dec/index.php [diakses pada 6 Desember 2022].
Department of Forestry, Fishery and Environmental of the Republic of South Africa, 2017. "DFFE Clarifies that Rhino Horn May Not Be Traded Internationally” [daring]. dalam https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/deaclarifiesrhinohorntrade [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Department of Forestry, Fishery and Environmental of the Republic of South Africa, 2022. "Rhino Poaching in South Africa in 2021” [daring]. dalam https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/rhinopoaching_2021 [diakses pada 6 Desember 2022].
Elephants, Rhinos, & People, 2022. "Introduction: Rietvlei Anti-Poaching Project” [daring]. dalam https://www.erp.ngo/blog-rhino-programme/2018/9/1/rietvlei-anti-poaching-project [diakses pada 8 Desember 2022].
Helping Rhinos, 2022. "Black Mamba Anti-Poaching Unit” [daring]. dalam https://www.helpingrhinos.org/black-mambas/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Hemmersbach Rhino Force, 2022. "Greater Kruger Project” [daring]. dalam https://rhino-force.org/projects.html [diakses pada 9 Desember 2022].
International Rhino Foundation, 2023. "A New Poaching Problem in South Africa” [daring]. dalam https://rhinos.org/blog/a-new-poaching-problem-in-south-africa/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
International Rhino Foundation, 2022. "IRF Works in South Africa” [daring]. dalam https://rhinos.org/our-work/where-we-work/south-africa/ [diakses pada 8 Desember 2022].
Library of Congress, 2016. "Moratorium on Domestic Trade in Rhino Horn Temporarily Re-Instituted” [daring]. dalam https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2016-06-13/south-africa-moratorium-on-domestic-trade-in-rhino-horn-temporarily-re-instituted/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Mayne, Ruth, 2022. "Is Advocacy and Campaigning Up to Today's Challenges?”, 9 April [daring]. dalam https://www.bond.org.uk/news/2019/04/is-advocacy-and-campaigning-up-to-todays-challenges/ [diakses pada 20 Desember 2022].
Naim, Moises, 2009. "Five Wars of Globalization”, Foreign Policy, 3 November [daring]. dalam https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/03/five-wars-of-globalization/ [diakses pada 2 Desember 2022].
Save The Rhino, 2017. "Rhino Orphanage” [daring]. dalam https://www.savetherhino.org/thorny-issues/rhino-orphanages-to-fund-or-not-to-fund/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Save The Rhino, 2018. "World Largest Rhino Farm at Risk of Collapse” [daring]. dalam https://www.savetherhino.org/thorny-issues/rhino-farm-at-risk-of-collapse/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Save The Rhino, 2022a. "Poaching Statistics” [daring]. dalam https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/poaching-stats/ [diakses pada 4 Desember 2022].
Save The Rhino, 2022b. "South Africa: uMkhuze Game Reserve” [daring]. dalam https://www.savetherhino.org/programmes/umkhuze-game-reserve/ [diakses pada 8 Desember 2022].
South African Government, 2022. "Forestry, Fisheries and Environment on Rhino Poached in South Africa in First Six Months of 2022” [daring]. dalam https://www.gov.za/speeches/forestry-fisheries-and-environment-rhino-poached-south-africa-first-six-months-2022-1-aug [diakses pada 5 Desember 2022].
South African Revenue Services, 2021. "Media Release: Custom Officers Make Massive Bust of Rhino Horn Weighing 160kg” [daring]. dalam https://www.sars.gov.za/media-release/media-release-customs-officers-make-massive-bust-of-rhino-horn-weighing-160kg/ [diakses pada 6 Desember 2022].
South African Revenue Services, 2022. "Rhino Horn Found in Luggage at OR Tambo International Airport” [daring]. dalam https://www.sars.gov.za/media-release/rhino-horn-found-in-luggage-at-or-tambo-international-airport/ [diakses pada 7 Desember 2022].
The Boucher Legacy, 2022a. "Helping The SANParks Ranger” [daring]. dalam https://boucherlegacy.co.za/helping-sanparks-rangers-track-rhinos/ [diakses pada 8 Desember 2022].
The Boucher Legacy, 2022b. "Rhino DNA Indexing Halted” [daring]. dalam https://boucherlegacy.co.za/rhino-dna-indexing-halted/ [diakses pada 8 Desember 2022].
World Bank, 2022. "Wildlife Conservation Bond Boost South Africa's Efforts to Protect Black Rhinos and Support Local Communities” [daring]. dalam https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/23/wildlife-conservation-bond-boosts-south-africa-s-efforts-to-protect-black-rhinos-and-support-local-communities [diakses pada 5 Desember 2022].
Wild and Free Foundation, 2022. "Rhino Cup Champions League” [daring]. dalam https://www.wildandfreefoundation.org/rhino-cup-champions-soccer-league-africa.html [diakses pada 9 Desember 2022].
World Economic Forum, 2022. "How Innovative Financing Can Help Protect the Black Rhino Population” [daring]. dalam https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/wildlife-conservation-bond-innovative-financing-to-achieve-results-for-rhinos/#:~:text=Also%20known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CRhino,Great%20Fish%20River%20Nature%20Reserve [diakses pada 5 Desember 2022].
WWF, 2022. "WWF is SavingRhino by Moving them” [daring]. dalam https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/wwf-is-saving-black-rhinos-by-moving-them [diakses pada 4 Desember 2023].
Lain-Lain
CITES, 2016. Conf. 9.14 (Rev CoP17)* Conservation on and Trade in African and Asian Rhinoceroses.
CITES, 2019. Conf. 13.5 (Rev CoP 18)* Establishment of Export Quotas for Black Rhinoceros Hunting Trophies.
CITES, 2023. Apendices I II and II.
Copyright (c) 2023 Global Strategis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- Authors are unable to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work
- Authors are not permitted to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The Copyright Holder of the articles is Global Strategis
