Host Determinants of Diarrhea Incidence among Toddlers in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
Downloads
Background: Toddler diarrhea is a major Indonesian health concern. Toddler diarrhea rates differ in the 2021 SSGI data. West Sulawesi, NTB, and Maluku have the most diarrhea. This study investigates the causes of Indonesian toddler diarrhea.
Objectives: This research is intended to systematically analyze host-related determinants that contribute to the occurrence of diarrhea in Indonesian toddlers from 2021 to 2025.
Methods: PRISMA 2020 guided systematic reviews. Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed provided data. Eight 2021–2025 studies examined Indonesian toddler diarrhea risk variables. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and internal validation questions rated quality.
Results: From the screening process, eight studies were determined to satisfy the inclusion criteria. The synthesis of these studies showed that several host characteristics, including toddler’s age, practice of exclusive breastfeeding, and immunization completeness, show a meaningful association with diarrhea prevalence among young children in Indonesia.
Conclusion: Age, exclusive breastfeeding, and immunization status significantly affected Indonesian toddler diarrhea incidence, although nutritional condition and gender did not.
Adha, N., Izza, F. N., Riyantiasis, E., Pasaribu, A. Z., & Amalia, R. (2021). Pengaruh Kebiasaan Mencuci Tangan Terhadap Kasus Diare pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v2i2.1842
Ayu, I., Pradnya, P., Agung, A., Lila, A., Agung, A., & Lely, O. (2023). Karakteristik Pasien Diare Anak Umur 2 - 5 Tahun di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Wangaya , Denpasar Berdasarkan data kesehatan Kota Denpasar. Aesculapius Medical Journal), 3(2). https://doi.org/10.22225/amj.3.2.2023.180-187
Conesa, C., Bellés, A., Grasa, L., & Sánchez, L. (2023). The Role of Lactoferrin in Intestinal Health. In Pharmaceutics (Vol. 15, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061569
Darmin, Rumaf, F., Ningsih, S. R., Mongilong, R., Goma, M. A. D., & Anggaria, A. Della. (2023). Pentingnya Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap Pada Bayi dan Balita. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Mapalus, 1(2). https://e-journal.stikesgunungmaria.ac.id/index.php/jpmm/article/view/37
Dhalaria, P., Kapur, S., Singh, A. K., Verma, A., Priyadarshini, P., & Taneja, G. (2023). Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on reduction of childhood diarrheal disease in India: An analysis of National Family Health Survey-5. Vaccine: X, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100319
FAUZI, Y., & SARI, F. M. (2020). Analisis Determinan Kejadian Diare Pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Nusa Indah Kota Bengkulu. Journal of Nursing and Public Health, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.37676/jnph.v8i2.1206
Fitri, W. D., Fitri, A., Rahmat, A. A., & Nasution, H. S. (2025). Determinants of Diarrhea Incidence in Toddlers in the Work Area Paal V Health Center 2024. International Journal of Medicine and Health, 4(March), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.55606/ijmh.v4i1.5612
Fitriani, N., Darmawan, A., & Puspasari, A. (2021). Analisis Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Diare Pada Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pakuan Baru Kota Jambi. Medical Dedication (Medic) : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat FKIK UNJA, 4(1), 154–164. https://doi.org/10.22437/medicaldedication.v4i1.13472
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2022). Rencana Aksi Program Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Penyakit Tahun 2020-2024. In Rencana AKSI Program P2P (Vol. 2022).
Kenda, S. M., Sahdan, M., & Sir, A. B. (2022). Relationship of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors to The Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers Noelbaki Village District. Journal of Community Health, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.35508/ljch.v4i4.5023
Lipinwati, L. (2022). Inflamasi Bowel Disease. Electronic Journal Scientific of Environmental Health And Disease, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.22437/esehad.v2i2.16919
Maulida, N., & Atzmardina, Z. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Prepotif. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 6(3), 2280–2286. https://doi.org/10.31004/prepotif.v6i3.6479
Maulida, Y., Yanti, R., Aprianti, A., & Fathurrahman, F. (2022). Hubungan Pendapatan Keluarga, Pola Asuh, Riwayat Penyakit Infkesi dan Status Imunisasi Dasar dengan Kejadian Wasting pada Balita. Jurnal Riset Pangan Dan Gizi, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.31964/jr-panzi.v4i1.145
Nurul Awalia, Muhammad Khidri Alwi, Ayu Puspitasari, Sitti Patimah, & Rezky Aulia Yusuf. (2023). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Anak Usia 1-4 Tahun Di Puskesmas Antang Kota Makassar. Window of Public Health Journal, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.33096/woph.v4i2.719
Oktariana, M., Hariyanti, R., Riya, R., & Sulastri, S. (2023). Hubungan Status Gizi dan Status Imunisasi dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Puskesmas Putri Ayu Kota Jambi. Jurnal Ilmiah Ners Indonesia, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.22437/jini.v4i2.27518
Oktavianisya, N., Yasin, Z., & Aliftitah, S. (2023). Kejadian Diare pada Balita dan Faktor Risikonya. Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Yarsi Mataram, 13(2), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.57267/jisym.v13i2.264
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Perwitasari, Y. A., Ningrum, A. G., Puspitasari, D., & Fatmaningrum, W. (2024). Analisis Faktor Resiko Diare pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gading Kota Surabaya. Indonesian Journal on Medical Science, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.70050/ijms.v11i2.479
Pietrzak, B., Tomela, K., Olejnik-Schmidt, A., Mackiewicz, A., & Schmidt, M. (2020). Secretory iga in intestinal mucosal secretions as an adaptive barrier against microbial cells. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 21, Issue 23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239254
Rahmat, D., Firmansyah, A., Timan, I. S., Bardosono, S., Prihartono, J., & Gayatri, P. (2023). Risk factors of prolonged diarrhea in children under 2 years old. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 66(12). https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00668
Rini, L. (2021). Hubungan Status Imunisasi Campak dengan Kejadian Penyakit Diare (Campak, ISPA Dan Diare) dan Status Gizi Anak Usia 1-4 Tahun di Desa Karang Duren Kecamatan Tenggaran Kabupaten Semarang Lestiyo. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(10).
Sidabutar, S. (2020). Buku Ajar Epidemiologi. In Handoyo (Ed.), Forum Ilmiah Kesehatan (FORIKES). Forum Ilmiah Kesehatan (FORIKES).
Simon, A. K., Hollander, G. A., & McMichael, A. (2015). Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. In Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (Vol. 282, Issue 1821). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.3085
Sitopu, S. D., Manalu, I., & Afriani, I. (2021). Relationship of Parenting Patterns With Diarrhea in Children in The Hospital Of Stella Maris Medan’s Mother And Child Hospital. Jurnal Darma Agung Husada, 8(April). http://dx.doi.org/10.46930/darmaagunghusada.v11i2.4833
Syadat, M., Gobel, A., & Ikhtiar, M. (2022). Determinan Kejadian Diare berdasarkan Segitiga Epidemiologi Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Antang Kota Makassar. Journal of Muslim Community Health, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.33096/jmch.v3i2.1538
Tiasafitir, Y., Sholih, M. G., & Sulfiani, L. (2022). Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Balita Usia 24-59 Bulan. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(18), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7135902
Triandini, E., Jayanatha, S., Indrawan, A., Putra, G. W., & Iswara, B. (2019). Metode Systematic Literature Review untuk Identifikasi Platform dan Metode Pengembangan Sistem Informasi di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Information Systems, 1(2), 63–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24002/ijis.v1i2.1916
Troeger, C., Khalil, I. A., Rao, P. C., Cao, S., Blacker, B. F., Ahmed, T., Armah, G., Bines, J. E., Brewer, T. G., Colombara, D. V, Kang, G., Kirkpatrick, B. D., Kirkwood, C. D., Mwenda, J. M., Parashar, U. D., Jr, W. A. P., Riddle, M. S., Steele, A. D., Thompson, R. L., … Jr, R. C. R. (2018). Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years. JAMA Pediatr, 172(10), 958–965. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1960
Ugboko, H. U., Nwinyi, O. C., Oranusi, S. U., & Oyewale, J. O. (2020). Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries. In Heliyon (Vol. 6, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03690
WHO. (2024). Diarrhoeal disease. World Health Organization.
Widiantari, N. M., Cempaka, P. M. V. P., Nesa, N. N. M., Karyana, I. P. G., & Wati, K. D. K. (2022). Hubungan Vaksinasi Rotavirus dengan Kejadian Diare pada Anak Usia 6-24 Bulan di Kota Denpasar. E-Jurnal Medika Udayana, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.24843/mu.2022.v11.i02.p18
Wulandari, F. (2024). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Diare Pada Balita di Puskesmas Jati Bening Bekasi Tahun 2023. Jurnal Bidang Ilmu Kesehatan, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.52643/jbik.v14i4.4014
Zheng, Y., Correa-Silva, S., Palmeira, P., & Carneiro-Sampaio, M. (2022). Maternal vaccination as an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling: Anti-infective properties of breast milk. In Clinics (Vol. 77). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100093
Copyright (c) 2025 Istikhomatul Ulya, Achmad Syaiful Islam, Kusuma Scorpia Lestari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Media Gizi Kesmas by Unair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright and to retain the publishing right of the article without restrictions.
2. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
3. The Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violations.
