Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Sumba Horses in East Sumba Regency : A Study at BBVet Denpasar
Background: Sumba is one of the original habitats of the Sandalwood Ponies and the presence of pony is an important element for the community. The Sumbanese herd their ponies in the savanna and rely on nature as a source of horse feed, consequently, during the dry season, the availability of the feed decreases. These conditions can potentially reduce the health status of ponies and increase morbidity or mortality from diseases caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Purpose: This study aims to determine the occurrence and intensity of Trypanosoma evansi infection in blood samples from horses examined at the Denpasar Bali Veterinary Centre. Methods: Thirty blood samples were collected from East Sumba Regency. Three milliliters of blood were taken from the jugular vein and immediately transferred into an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tube. Thin blood smears were subsequently prepared and examined using the Giemsa-stained blood smears method. The preparations of blood smear were examined under microscope to determine the Trypanosoma evansi infection and the intensity was calculated on the average number of Trypanosoma evansi in 100 red blood cells. Results: The result showed that six out of 30 horses were tested positive for Trypanosoma evansi. The infection intensity ranged from two to 18 parasites with an average number of 8 in the blood smear examination method. Conclusion: The incidence of trypanosomiasis in Sumba horses varies with each season in East Sumba Regency. The prophylactic measures that should be adopted in the particular herd of horses because this is the most significant blood protozoan parasite of equines.
Algehani, A.M.G., Jaber, F.A., Khan, A., and Alsulami, M.N., 2023. Review on Trypanosomiasis and Their Prevalence in Some Country on The Red Sea. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83, 1–12.
Aregawi, W.G., Agga, G.E., Abdi, R.D., and Büscher, P., 2019. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on The Global Distribution, Host Range, and Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi. Parasites & Vectors, 12 (1), 1–25.
Bal, M.S., Sharma, A., Ashuma, Batth, B.K., Kaur, P., and Singla, L.D., 2014. Detection and Management of Latent Infection of Trypanosoma evansi in a Cattle Herd. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 48 (1), 31.
Büscher, P., Gonzatti, M.I., Hébert, L., Inoue, N., Pascucci, I., Schnaufer, A., Suganuma, K., Touratier, L., and Van Reet, N., 2019. Equine Trypanosomosis: Enigmas and Diagnostic Challenges. Parasites & Vectors, 12 (1), 1–8.
Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies/CIVAS, 2014. Trypanosomiasis (Surra) [online]. CIVAS. Available from: https://civas.net/2014/02/25/trypanosomiasis-surra/3/.Accessed 29 November 2023.
Costa, L.R.R. and Chapman, A., 2017. Venous Blood Collection. In: L.R.R. Costa and M.R. Paradis, eds. Manual of Clinical Procedures in the Horse. Wiley, 59–66.
Desquesnes, 2021. Surra All in Species (Trypanosoma evansi infection). In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 12 Edition. Montpellier, France. WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2021, 1–17.
Desquesnes, M., Holzmuller, P., Lai, D.-H., Dargantes, A., Lun, Z.-R., and Jittaplapong, S., 2013. Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A Review and Perspectives on Origin, History, Distribution, Taxonomy, Morphology, Hosts, and Pathogenic Effects. BioMed Research International, 2013, 1–22.
Desquesnes, M., 2004. Livestock trypanosomoses and their vectors in Latin American. World Organisation for Animal Health.
Dewi, R.S., Damajanti, R., Wardhana, A.H., Mulatsih, S., Poetri, O.N., Steeneveld, W., and Hogeveen, H., 2020. The Economic Losses of Surra Outbreak in Sumba Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur-Indonesia. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 43 (1), 77–85.
Dewi, R.S., Soejoedono, R.D., Wardhana, A.H., and Mulatsih, S., 2018. Analyses of Environment Factors Influencing Surra Outbreak in Sumba Timur Nusa Tenggara Timur - Indonesia. In: A. Indrawati, B.P. Priosoeryanto, S. Murtini, R. Tiuria, S. Idris, and A. Sailasuta, eds. Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018. Nusa Dua Convention Centre, Bali – Indonesia: Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA), 362–366.
Directorate of Animal Health, 2014. Manual Penyakit Hewan Mamalia. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Kementerian Pertanian.
Directorate of Animal Health, 2012. Pedoman pengendalian dan pemberantasan penyakit Trypanosomiasis (Surra). Jakarta: Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan, Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Kementrian Pertanian.
East Nusa Tenggara Statistics, 2023. Populasi Ternak Besar Menurut Kabupaten/Kota 2020-2022 [online]. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Available from: https://ntt.bps.go.id/indicator/24/590 /1/populasi-ternak-besar-menurut-kabupaten-kota.html. Accessed 25 November 2023.
East Sumba Regency Statistics, 2022. Keadaan Suhu Menurut Bulan di Kabupaten Sumba Timur (°C), 2019-2020 [online]. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Available from: https://sumbatimurkab. bps.go.id/indicator/151/114/1/keadaan -suhu-menurut-bulan-di-kabupaten-sumba- timur.html. Accessed 29 November 2023.
Edwards, E.H., 2023. The Horse Encyclopedia. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley Ltd Imprint DK.
Elshafie, E.I., Sani, R.A., Hassan, L., Sharma, R., Bashir, A., and Abubakar, I.A., 2013. Seroprevalence and Risk factors of Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Horses in Peninsular Malaysia. Research in Veterinary Science, 94 (2), 285–289.
Haryadi, F.R., Nurcahyo, R.W., Purwono, E., Yuliarso, D.B., and Fuady, A.A., 2022. Trypanosoma evansi pada Ternak. Yogyakarya: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Herczeg, T., Száz, D., Blahó, M., Barta, A., Gyurkovszky, M., Farkas, R., and Horváth, G., 2015. The Effect of Weather Variables on The Fight Activity of Horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in The Continental Climate of Hungary. Parasitology Research, 114 (3), 1087–1097.
Jones, T.W., Payne, R.C., Sukanto, I.P., and Partoutomo, S., 1996. Trypanosoma evansi in The Republic of Indonesia. In: Proceeding of the First Internet Conference on Salivarian Trypanosomes. Dutch: FAO Animal Production., 136.
Mastra, I.K., 2011. Seroprevalensi Trypanosomiasis di Pulau Sumbawa, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Buletin Veteriner, 23 (79), 131–138.
Mursalim, M.F., Ris, A., and Ardiyanti, H., 2017. Deteksi Trypanosoma Evansi pada Kuda di Tempat Pemotongan Hewan Kecamatan Kelara Kabupaten Jeneponto. Jurnal Agrisistem, 13 (2), 88–96.
Ndiha, M.R.M., Apsari, I.A.P., and Dwinata, I.M., 2018. Prevalensi Dan Intensitas Infeksi Trypanosoma Evansi Pada Kuda Di Desa Kabaru, Kecamatan Rindi, Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 10 (1), 70–75.
Nur, B.R.D., 2017. Deteksi Trypanosoma evansi Pada Kuda (Equss caballus) di Kabupaten Wajo. [Thesis]. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Nurcahyo, W., Yowi, M.R.K., Hartati, S., and Prastowo, J., 2019. The prevalence of Horse Trypanosomiasis in Sumba Island, Indonesia and Its Detection Using Card Agglutination Tests. Veterinary World, 12 (5), 646–652.
Oematan, A.B., Nurcahyo, R.W., and Jacob, J.M., 2016. Studi Keragaman Jenis lalat penghisap darah dan Kelimpahannya di Peternakan Sapi Semi Ekstensif di Kabupaten Sumba Timur. in: Seminar Nasional Ke-4, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Kupang: Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Nusa Cendana, 145–153.
Okello, I., Mafie, E., Eastwood, G., Nzalawahe, J., Mboera, L.E.G., and Onyoyo, S., 2022. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle in Lambwe, Kenya. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2022, 1–12.
Partoutomo, S., 1996. Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma evansi (Surra) in Indonesia. In: Proceeding of A Seminar on Diagnostic Technique for Trypanosoma evansi in Indonesia. Bogor: Balitvet, 1–9.
Payne, R.C., Sukanto, I.P., Djauhari, D., Partoutomo, S., Wilson, A.J., Jones, T.W., Boid, R., and Luckins, A.G., 1991. Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle, buffaloes and horses in Indonesia. Veterinary Parasitology, 38 (2–3), 109–119.
Praing, U.Y.A., Apsari, I.A.P., and Dharmawan, N.S., 2023. Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Trypanosomiasis pada Kuda di Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 15 (5), 737–746.
Reid, S.A., 2002. Trypanosoma evansi control and containment in Australasia. Trends in Parasitology, 18 (5), 219–224.
Sawitri, D.H., Wardhana, A.H., Sadikin, M., and Wibowo, H., 2019. Detection of Surra (trypanosomiasis) Positivity in Humans in An Outbreak Area of Indonesia. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 28 (2), 196–202.
Statistics Indonesia, 2022. Populasi Ternak Besar Menurut Provinsi 2021-2022. Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/id/ statistics-table/2/NDc1IzI=/populasi-kuda- menurut-provinsi.html. Accessed 30 November 2023.
Sumbria, D., Singla, L.D., Kumar, R., Bal, M.S., and Kaur, P., 2017. Comparative Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Snalysis of Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Equines From Different Agro-Climatic Zones of Punjab (India). Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE, 36 (3), 971–979.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
- The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
Journal of Applied Veterinary Science and Technology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
