Indonesian Longitudinal Survey on Mental Health and Social Factors (INDOLUMEN): Early Findings and Protocol
Downloads
While many known risk factors and mechanisms for psychosis exist, the time it takes for these risk factors and mechanisms to influence psychosis remains unclear. Furthermore, the average duration of a psychotic symptom has not been estimated. The aim of the study is to discover the average duration of an episode of psychotic symptoms and other mental disorders, as well as the average duration by which psychological mechanisms of risk factors and psychotic symptoms or other mental disorders operate. This study is an online longitudinal survey with various time-interval assessments (baseline, 7 daily, 4 weekly, 4 fortnightly, and 6 monthly assessments). A community sample of Indonesians were recruited via internet and a sample of help-seekers were recruited from clinical practices. From November 2018 to March 2019, we recruited 464 participants who completed the baseline survey from the community. Of the 464 participants, 73% of them are female with ages ranging from 18 - 57 years and 33.2% reported having been diagnosed with at least one mental disorder. The expected results of the surveys provide us with estimates regarding appropriate time-intervals of risk factors and mechanisms of psychosis.
Agustina, R., Dartanto, T., Sitompul, R., Susiloretni, K. A., Suparmi, Achadi, E. L., Taher, A., Wirawan, F., Sungkar, S., Sudarmono, P., Shankar, A. H., Thabrany, H., Agustina, R., Dartanto, T., Sitompul, R., Susiloretni, K. A., Suparmi, Achadi, E. L., Taher, A., ... Khusun, H. (2019). Universal health coverage in Indonesia: Concept, progress, and challenges. The Lancet, 293(10166), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31647-7
Aust, F., Diedenhofen, B., Ullrich, S., & Musch, J. (2013). Seriousness checks are useful to improve data validity in online research. Behavior Research Methods, 45(2), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0265-2
Baas, K. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Koeter, M. W. J., van de Lisdonk, E. H., van Weert, H. C., & Schene, A. H. (2011). Measurement invariance with respect to ethnicity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Journal of Affective Disorders, 129(1–3), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.026
Badcock, J. C., Mackinnon, A., Waterreus, A., Watts, G. F., Castle, D., McGrath, J. J., & Morgan, V. A. (2019). Loneliness in psychotic illness and its association with cardiometabolic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 204, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.021
Badcock, J. C., Shah, S., Mackinnon, A., Stain, H. J., Galletly, C., Jablensky, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2015). Loneliness in psychotic disorders and its association with cognitive function and symptom profile. Schizophrenia Research, 169(1), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.027
Bhugra, D. (2005). The Global Prevalence of Schizophrenia. PLoS Medicine, 2(5), e151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020151
Carter-Sowell, A. R. (2010). Salting a wound, building a callous, or throwing in the towel? The measurement and effects of chronic ostracism experiences [Dissertation/Thesis, Purdue University]. http://search.proquest.com/docview/858613823/abstract?accountid=11262
Catone, G., Marwaha, S., Kuipers, E., Lennox, B., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., & Broome, M. (2015). Bullying victimisation and risk of psychotic phenomena: Analyses of British national survey data. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(7), 618–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00055-3
Catone, G., Marwaha, S., Lennox, B., & Broome, M. R. (2017). Bullying victimisation and psychosis: The interdependence and independence of risk trajectories. BJPsych Advances, 23(6), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.116.016584
Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558
Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Pediatrics, 111(3), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.3.564
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Fowler, D., Freeman, D., Smith, B., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Bashforth, H., Coker, S., Hodgekins, J., Gracie, A., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2006). The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): Psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples. Psychological Medicine, 36(06), 749–759. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706007355
Freeman, D. (2016). Persecutory delusions: A cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(7), 685–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00066-3
GawÄ™da, Å., Göritz, A. S., & Moritz, S. (2019). Mediating role of aberrant salience and self-disturbances for the relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic-like experiences in the general population. Schizophrenia Research, 206, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.034
Gollwitzer, A., Wilczynska, M., & Jaya, E. S. (2018). Targeting the link between loneliness and paranoia via an interventionist-causal model framework. Psychiatry Research, 263, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.050
Gudmundsson, E. (2009). Guidelines for translating and adapting psychological instruments. Nordic Psychology, 61(2), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.2.29
Hennig, T., Jaya, E. S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017). Bullying mediates between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood and psychotic experiences in early adolescence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(5), 1036–1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw139
Hudiyana, J., Lincoln, T. M., Hartanto, S., Shadiqi, M. A., Milla, M. N., Muluk, H., & Jaya, E. S. (2021). How Universal Is a Construct of Loneliness? Measurement Invariance of the UCLA Loneliness Scale in Indonesia, Germany, and the United States: Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211034564
Janssen, I., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., Graaf, R. D., Vollebergh, W., McKenzie, K., & van Os, J. (2003). Discrimination and delusional ideation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.1.71
Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690X.2003.00217.x
Jaya, E. S. (2017). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Indonesian version of Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v21i1.3495
Jaya, E. S., Amelsvoort, T. van, Bartels-Velthuis, A. A., Bruggeman, R., Cahn, W., Haan, L. de, Kahn, R. S., Os, J. van, Schirmbeck, F., Simons, C. J. P., & Lincoln, T. M. (2021). The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences: Optimal cut-off scores for detecting individuals with a psychotic disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, n/a(n/a), e1893. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1893
Jaya, E. S., Ascone, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017). Social adversity and psychosis: The mediating role of cognitive vulnerability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(3), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw104
Jaya, E. S., Ascone, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2018). A longitudinal mediation analysis of the effect of negative-self-schemas on positive symptoms via negative affect. Psychological Medicine, 48(8), 1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171700277X
Jaya, E. S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Social adversities and psychotic symptoms: A test of predictions derived from the social defeat hypothesis. Psychiatry Research, 245, 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.002
Jaya, E. S., Wüsten, C., Alizadeh, B. Z., Amelsvoort, T. van, Bartels-Velthuis, A. A., Beveren, N. J. van, Bruggeman, R., Cahn, W., Haan, L. de, Delespaul, P., Luykx, J. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Kahn, R. S., Schirmbeck, F., Simons, C. J. P., Haren, N. E. van, Os, J. van, Winkel, R. van, Fonseca-Pedrero, E., ... Lincoln, T. M. (2020). Comparing psychotic experiences in low-and-middle-income-countries and high-income-countries with a focus on measurement invariance. Psychological Medicine, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003323
Kesting, M.-L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2013). The relevance of self-esteem and self-schemas to persecutory delusions: A systematic review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(7), 766–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.002
Krkovic, K., Schlier, B., & Lincoln, T. (2018). An experience sampling study on the nature of the interaction between traumatic experiences, negative affect in everyday life, and threat beliefs. Schizophrenia Research, 201, 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.030
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Lincoln, T. M., Marin, N., & Jaya, E. S. (2017). Childhood trauma and psychotic experiences in a general population sample: A prospective study on the mediating role of emotion regulation. European Psychiatry, 42, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.010
Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133–1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626
Martin, A., Rief, W., Klaiberg, A., & Braehler, E. (2006). Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003
McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Lim, C. C. W., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., Almeida, J. M. C. de, Cardoso, G., Girolamo, G. de, Fayyad, J., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Kawakami, N., Koenen, K. C., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., ... Collaborators, on behalf of the W. W. M. H. S. (2017). Trauma and psychotic experiences: Transnational data from the World Mental Health Survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, bjp.bp.117.205955. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.117.205955
O'Donovan, M. C., Craddock, N., Norton, N., Williams, H., Peirce, T., Moskvina, V., Nikolov, I., Hamshere, M., Carroll, L., Georgieva, L., Dwyer, S., Holmans, P., Marchini, J. L., Spencer, C. C. A., Howie, B., Leung, H.-T., Hartmann, A. M., Möller, H.-J., Morris, D. W., ... Owen, M. J. (2008). Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up. Nature Genetics, 40(9), 1053–1055. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.201
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Schlier, B., Jaya, E. S., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences measures nine clusters of psychosis-like experiences: A validation of the German version of the CAPE. Schizophrenia Research, 169(1–3), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.034
Schlier, B., Winkler, K., Jaya, E. S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2018). Fluctuations in hallucination spectrum experiences co-vary with social defeat but not with social deafferentation. A 3-Week daily assessment study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(1), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9871-8
Selten, J.-P., Booij, J., Buwalda, B., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2017). Biological mechanisms whereby social exclusion may contribute to the etiology of psychosis: A narrative review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw180
Selten, J.-P., van der Ven, E., Rutten, B. P. F., & Cantor-Graae, E. (2013). The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: An update. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(6), 1180–1186. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt134
Selten, J.-P., van Os, J., & Cantor-Graae, E. (2016). The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: Issues of measurement and reverse causality. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 294–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20369
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Group, and the P. H. Q. P. C. S. (1999). Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ Primary Care Study. JAMA, 282(18), 1737–1744. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Stefanis, N. C., Hanssen, M., Smirnis, N. K., Avramopoulos, D. A., Evdokimidis, I. K., Stefanis, C. N., Verdoux, H., & van Os, J. (2002). Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 347–358.
Swami, V. (2009). Psychometric analysis of the Malay version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) and a comparison of loneliness among sojourning and non-sojourning Malaysian students. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 2(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542860802560397
Tandon, R., Keshavan, M. S., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2008). Schizophrenia, "Just the Facts” What we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophrenia Research, 102(1–3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.011
The Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium. (2011). Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nature Genetics, 43(10), 969–976. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.940
Underwood, R., Kumari, V., & Peters, E. (2016). Cognitive and neural models of threat appraisal in psychosis: A theoretical integration. Psychiatry Research, 239, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.016
van Dam, D. S., van der Ven, E., Velthorst, E., Selten, J. P., Morgan, C., & de Haan, L. (2012). Childhood bullying and the association with psychosis in non-clinical and clinical samples: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 42(12), 2463–2474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000360
van Ravesteijn, H., Wittkampf, K., Lucassen, P., van de Lisdonk, E., van den Hoogen, H., van Weert, H., Huijser, J., Schene, A., van Weel, C., & Speckens, A. (2009). Detecting Somatoform Disorders in Primary Care With the PHQ-15. The Annals of Family Medicine, 7(3), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.985
Vinokur, A. D., & van Ryn, M. (1993). Social support and undermining in close relationships: Their independent effects on the mental health of unemployed persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.350
Wolke, D., & Sapouna, M. (2008). Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.002
World Health Organization. (2011). Mental Health Atlas 2011. WHO Press.
Wu, C., & Yao, G. (2008). Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) in Taiwanese undergraduate students. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(8), 1762–1771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.003
Copyright (c) 2022 Edo Sebastian Jaya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental is a periodical journal publisher with Open Access principles and Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0); therefore, the copyright remains with the author.
With this license, anyone has the right to use any information and re-distribute the content of this journal for any purposes, including commercial purposes. This can be done as long as the person satisfies the following two conditions; (1) the person is obliged to provide a proper attribution by citing the original source and indicate any changes they have made; and (2) the person is strictly not allowed to make any restrictions, both legal and technological limitations, that restrict others to have the same level of distribution rights.
The manuscript copyright remains with the author; therefore, INSAN JPKM do not and will not request for copyright transfer on all published manuscripts in INSAN JPKM.