Social Support as a Moderator of Death Anxiety and Depression in Covid-19 Health Workers
Downloads
Close contact with patients makes healthcare workers have a higher risk to infection and death. Death anxiety and depression might have an impact on the performance of healthcare workers during taking care of the patients. Regression analysis were performed to evaluate the moderating role of social support on the relationship between death anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of social support as a moderator of the relationship between death anxiety and depression in healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses an online survey conducted to 192 healthcare workers in a few cities in Indonesia. This data was measured using the PHQ-9, DAS-E, and MSPSS scales. The data were analyzed by moderated regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that social support does not moderate the relationship between death anxiety and depression in healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Aro, H. (1994). Risk and protective factors in depression: A developmental perspective. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(s377), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05804.x
Azwar, S. (2019). Reliabilitas dan Validitas (4th ed.). Pustaka Pelajar.
Budiman, A. (2021, March 2). Kasus Positif Covid-19 Per 2 Maret 2021 Bertambah 5.712. Tempo. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1438059/kasus-positif-Covid-19-per-2-maret-2021-bertambah-5-712
Cairns, K. E., Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). Risk and protective factors for depression that adolescents can modify: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.006
Chou, K.-L., & Chi, I. (2001). Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: Social support and sense of control as mediators or moderators? The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.2190/9C97-LCA5-EWB7-XK2W
Colman, I., Zeng, Y., McMartin, S. E., Naicker, K., Ataullahjan, A., Weeks, M., Senthilselvan, A., & Galambos, N. L. (2014). Protective factors against depression during the transition from adolescence to adulthood: Findings from a national Canadian cohort. Preventive Medicine, 65, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.04.008
Dadfar, M., Lester, D., & Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2018). Validity and reliability of the farsi version of the death anxiety scale with nurses. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 0(0), 1-14, 105413731881023. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054137318810232
Faisal, H. K. P., Khairan, P., Rahmawati, F. N., Marwadhani, S. S., Adinda, G. N., Sari, U. N., & Prawirohardjo, P. (2020). Kasus Covid-19 ringan pada tenaga medis: Evaluasi temuan klinis dan risiko transmisi. 9. https://doi.org/org/10.47830/jinma-vol.70.4-2020-223
Grey, I., Arora, T., Thomas, J., Saneh, A., Tohme, P., & Abi-Habib, R. (2020). The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the Covid-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113452
Halcomb, E., Williams, A., Ashley, C., McInnes, S., Stephen, C., Calma, K., & James, S. (2020). The support needs of Australian primary health care nurses during the COVID"19 pandemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1553–1560. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13108
Hammash, M. H., Hall, L. A., Lennie, T. A., Heo, S., Chung, M. L., Lee, K. S., & Moser, D. K. (2013). Psychometrics of the PHQ-9 as a measure of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 12(5), 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112468068
Handagoon, S. A., & Varma, P. (2015). Death anxiety, coping strategies, and empathy among thai physicians in chiang mai. 2(4), 346-365
Hastuti, R. K. (2020). Satgas: Tenaga Medis Makin Alami Kelelahan & Stress. News. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210202173555-4-220549/satgas-tenaga-medis-makin-alami-kelelahan-stress
Holt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2005). Social support as a moderator between dating violence victimization and depression/anxiety among african american and caucasian adolescents. School Psychology Review, 34(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2005.12086289
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia. (2020). Pedoman Standar Perlindungan Dokter Era Covid-19 (p. 100). PB IDI.
Kagan, M. (2020). Social support moderates the relationship between death anxiety and psychological distress among israeli nurses. Psychological Reports, 0(0), 1-13, 003329412094559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120945593
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Retrieved January 8, 2021, from https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20030200009/dua-pasien-positif-Covid-19-dirawat-di-rspi-sulianti-saroso.html
Kugbey, N., Osei-Boadi, S., & Atefoe, E. A. (2015). The influence of social support on the levels of depression, anxiety and stress among students in ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(25), 135-402, ISSN 2222-1735
Kundari, N. F., Hanifah, W., Azzahra, G. A., Islam, N. R. Q., & Nisa, H. (2020). Hubungan dukungan sosial dan keterpaparan media sosial terhadap perilaku pencegahan Covid-19 pada komunitas wilayah jabodetabek tahun 2020. Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v30i4.3463
Kusuma, P. D., Marchira, C. R., & Prawitasari, S. (2018). Patient health questionnaire-9 (phq-9) efektif untuk mendeteksi risiko depresi postpartum. 5(3), 428-433, e-ISSN: 2541-2728
Langs, R. (1997). Death anxiety and clinical practice. Karnac Books
Li, Y., Scherer, N., Felix, L., & Kuper, H. (2021). Prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in health care workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0246454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246454
Media, K. C. (2020). Sudah 507 Nakes Meninggal karena Covid-19, Terbanyak di Bulan Desember Halaman all. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved January 9, 2021, from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/12/29/130000965/sudah-507-nakes-meninggal-karena-Covid-19-terbanyak-di-bulan-desember
Media, K. C. (2020). WHO Umumkan Wabah Virus Corona Berstatus Darurat Global, Apa Artinya? Halaman all. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from https://sains.kompas.com/read/2020/01/31/113000623/who-umumkan-wabah-virus-corona-berstatus-darurat-global-apa-artinya
Menzies, R. E., & Ross G. (2020). Death anxiety in the time of Covid-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13, e19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000215
Muller, A. E., Hafstad, E. V., Himmels, J. P. W., Smedslund, G., Flottorp, S., Stensland, S. í˜., Stroobants, S., Van de Velde, S., & Vist, G. E. (2020). The mental health impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: A rapid systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2018). Abnormal psychology in a changing world (Tenth edition). Pearson Higher Education.
Nguyen, N. T., & Biderman, M. D. (2005). Effects of response instructions on faking a situational judgment test. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 13(4), 250–260.
Perawat Indonesia Alami Stigmatisasi dan Depresi. (2020, August 4). Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ilmu-pengetahuan-teknologi/2020/08/04/perawat-indonesia-alami-stigmatisasi-dan-depresi/
Prihatiningsih, Y. (2018). Faktor-faktor death anxiety pada lansia [2]. Fakultas Psikologi. Uin Syarif Hidayatullah.
Putra, A. P. (2021, September 14). Inilah wilayah ppkm level 4, 3, dan 2 di jawa-bali periode 14-20 september 2021. kementerian pendayagunaan aparatur negara dan reformasi birokrasi. https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/inilah-wilayah-ppkm-level-4-3-dan-2-di-jawa-bali-periode-14-20-september-2021
Rasio Dokter Indonesia Terendah Kedua di Asia Tenggara | Databoks. (2021). Retrieved January 9, 2021, from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/04/02/rasio-dokter-indonesia-terendah-kedua-di-asia-tenggara
Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Cardona-Ospina, J. A., Gutiérrez-Ocampo, E., Villamizar-Peña, R., Holguin-Rivera, Y., Escalera-Antezana, J. P., Alvarado-Arnez, L. E., Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., Franco-Paredes, C., Henao-Martinez, A. F., Paniz-Mondolfi, A., Lagos-Grisales, G. J., Ramírez-Vallejo, E., Suárez, J. A., Zambrano, L. I., Villamil-Gómez, W. E., Balbin-Ramon, G. J., Rabaan, A. A., Harapan, H., ... Sah, R. (2020). Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of Covid-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 34, 101623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623
Rosyanti, L., & Hadi, I. (2020). Dampak psikologis dalam memberikan perawatan dan layanan kesehatan pasien Covid-19 pada tenaga profesional kesehatan. Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian, 12(1), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.vi.191
Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1991). Social Support, Stress, and Depressive Symptoms Among the Elderly: Test of a Process Model. 12.
Sadri Damirchi, E., Mojarrad, A., Pireinaladin, S., & M Grjibovski, A. M. (2020). The role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of coronavirus disease (Covid-19). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i3.3810
Said, R. M., & El-Shafei, D. A. (2020). Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and intent to leave: Nurses working on front lines during Covid-19 pandemic in Zagazig City, Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11235-8
Santoso, M. D. Y. (2020). Review article: Dukungan sosial dalam situasi pandemi covid 19. jurnal litbang sukowati : media Penelitian dan Pengembangan, 5(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.32630/sukowati.v5i1.184
Shortt, A. L., & Spence, S. H. (2006). Risk and protective factors for depression in youth. Behaviour Change, 23(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.23.1.1
Skala Multidimensional Dukungan Sosial Persepsi (K. M. Winahyu, Trans.). (2015). Sworn Translation Jakarta.
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Templer, D. I., Awadalla, A., Al-Fayez, G., Frazee, J., Bassman, L., Connelly, H. J., Arikawa, H., & Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Construction of a death anxiety scale–extended. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 53(3), 209–226. https://doi.org/10.2190/BQFP-9ULN-NULY-4JDR
Wang, X. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies. American College of Chest Physicians, Elsevier, S65–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Wood, A. M., & Joseph, S. (2010). The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: A ten year cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(3), 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.032
Xu, J., & Wei, Y. (2013). Social support as a moderator of the relationship between anxiety and depression: an empirical study with adult survivors of wenchuan earthquake. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e79045. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079045
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (2011). Multidimensional scale of perceived social support. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02380-000
Copyright (c) 2023 Rani Attiqah Gusbet
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental is a periodical journal publisher with Open Access principles and Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0); therefore, the copyright remains with the author.
With this license, anyone has the right to use any information and re-distribute the content of this journal for any purposes, including commercial purposes. This can be done as long as the person satisfies the following two conditions; (1) the person is obliged to provide a proper attribution by citing the original source and indicate any changes they have made; and (2) the person is strictly not allowed to make any restrictions, both legal and technological limitations, that restrict others to have the same level of distribution rights.
The manuscript copyright remains with the author; therefore, INSAN JPKM do not and will not request for copyright transfer on all published manuscripts in INSAN JPKM.