The Role of Perfectionism on Academic Burnout in Medical Students: Testing the 2 x 2 Model of Perfectionism
Downloads
Medical students have a higher risk of academic burnout and perfectionism was found to play a role in this psychological syndrome. The 2 x 2 model of perfectionism proposes that two dimensions of perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC), exist and interact at certain level within a person, forming four subtypes of perfectionism, pure PS, pure PC, mixed-perfectionist, and non-perfectionists. This research examines differences of academic burnout based on the four subtypes of perfectionism in medical students (n = 264). The results of simple effect analysis on factorial ANOVA results show academic burnout in medical students is significantly lower in pure PS than mixed-perfectionist and non-perfectionist, and significantly higher in pure PC than mixed-perfectionist and non-perfectionist, in line with the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism. This study shows that the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism is useful for understanding academic burnout in medical students.
Abreu Alves, S., Sinval, J., Lucas Neto, L., Marí´co, J., Gonçalves Ferreira, A., & Oliveira, P. (2022). Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: The protective role of academic engagement. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03094-9
Amelia, R. N. (2022). Literature review of academic burnout. American Research
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS), 5(2), 6–13.
Azwar, S. (2017). Metode penelitian psikologi (2nd ed). Pustaka Pelajar.
Azwar, S. (2021). Penyusunan skala psikologi (3rd ed). Pustaka Pelajar.
Bender, A. M., Peterson, A. L., Schuck, A., & Karver, M. S. (2022). Perfectionism, negative life events, and cognitive appraisal: A contextual model of perfectionism's maladaptive nature. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 723–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00437-9
Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia (Ribeirí£o Preto), 22(53). http://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272253201314
Bynum, W. E., Artino, A. R., Uijtdehaage, S., Webb, A. M. B., & Varpio, L. (2019). Sentinel emotional events: The nature, triggers, and effects of shame experiences in medical residents. Academic Medicine, 94(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002479
Chang, E., Lee, A., Byeon, E., Seong, H., & Lee, S. M. (2016). The mediating effect of motivational types in the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.010
Chang, E., Seong, H., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Exploring the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout through achievement goals: A mediation model. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(3), 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-020-09633-1
Cho, S., Lee, M., & Lee, S. M. (2023). Burned-out classroom climate, intrinsic motivation, and academic engagement: Exploring unresolved issues in the job demand-resource model. Psychological Reports, 126(4), 1954–1976. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211054776
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Cope, A., Bezemer, J., Mavroveli, S., & Kneebone, R. (2017). What attitudes and values are incorporated into self as part of professional identity construction when becoming a surgeon? Academic Medicine, 92(4), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001454
Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Clara, I. P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.365
Dyrbye, L. N., Massie, F. S., Eacker, A., Harper, W., Power, D., Durning, S. J., Thomas, M. R., Moutier, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2010). Relationship between burnout and professional conduct and attitudes among us medical students. JAMA, 304(11), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1318
Dyrbye, L. N., Thomas, M. R., Massie, F. S., Power, D. V., Eacker, A., Harper, W., Durning, S., Moutier, C., Szydlo, D. W., Novotny, P. J., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2008). Burnout and suicidal ideation among U.S. Medical students. Annals of Internal Medicine, 149(5), 334. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-5-200809020-00008
Ebrahimi, S., & Atazadeh, F. (2018). Medical students' occupational burnout and its relationship with professionalism. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 6(4), 162–167.
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman & Hall.
Farina, E., Ornaghi, V., Pepe, A., Fiorilli, C., & Grazzani, I. (2020). High school student burnout: Is empathy a protective or risk factor? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00897
Field, A. (2024) Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (6th ed). SAGE Publications.
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2015). Managing perfectionism and the excessive striving that undermines flourishing: Implications for leading the perfect life. In R. J. Burke, K. M. Page, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Flourishing in Life, Work and Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783474103.00011
Frajerman, A., Morvan, Y., Krebs, M.-O., Gorwood, P., & Chaumette, B. (2019). Burnout in medical students before residency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 55, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.08.006
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
Garratt-Reed, D., Howell, J., Hayes, L., & Boyes, M. (2018). Is perfectionism associated with academic burnout through repetitive negative thinking? PeerJ, 6, e5004. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5004
Gaudreau, P., & Thompson, A. (2010). Testing a 2í—2 model of dispositional perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.031
Gaudreau, P., Franche, V., Kljajic, K., & Martinelli, G. (2018). The 2 x 2 model of perfectionism. In J. Stoeber (Editor), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 44–67). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L.-A. B. (2018). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (6th ed). Cengage.
Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed). Cengage Learning.
Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (2011). Athlete burnout: An integrated model and future research directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2010.541927
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315596286
Iorga, M., Dondas, C., & Zugun-Eloae, C. (2018). Depressed as freshmen, stressed as seniors: The relationship between depression, perceived stress and academic results among medical students. Behavioral Sciences, 8(8), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8080070
Jagodics, B., & Szabó, í‰. (2022). Student burnout in higher education: A demand-resource model approach. Trends in Psychology, 31(4), 757–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00137-4
Khatami, R. A. (2018). Hubungan stres terhadap burnout pada Mahasiswa preklinik fakultas kedokteran UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta tahun ajaran 2018/2019 [bachelor Thesis, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/53739
Kıral, E. (2015). The relationship between locus of control and perfectionism perception of the primary school administrators1. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 3893–3902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1130
Kljajic, K., Gaudreau, P., & Franche, V. (2017). An investigation of the 2 í— 2 model of perfectionism with burnout, engagement, self-regulation, and academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 57, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.06.004
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
LaDonna, K. A., Ginsburg, S., & Watling, C. (2018). "Rising to the level of your incompetence”: What physicians' self-assessment of their performance reveals about the imposter syndrome in medicine. Academic Medicine, 93(5), 763–768. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002046
Lee, M. Y., & Lee, S. M. (2018). The effects of psychological maladjustments on predicting developmental trajectories of academic burnout. School Psychology International, 39(3), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318766206
Lewis, J. & Sauro, J. (2020, June 17). How to convert between five- and seven-point scales – measuringu. Retrieved June 2, 2023, from https://measuringu.com/convert-point-scales/
Lin, F., & Yang, K. (2021). The external and internal factors of academic burnout: 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021), Xishuangbanna, China. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.307
Luo, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Chen, A., & Quan, S. (2016). The effect of perfectionism on school burnout among adolescence: The mediator of self-esteem and coping style. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.056
Määttä. K. & Uusiautti, S. (2018). The psychology of study success in universities. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Madigan, D. J., & Curran, T. (2021). Does burnout affect academic achievement? A meta-analysis of over 100,000 students. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 387–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09533-1
Mair, P., & Wilcox, R. (2020). Robust statistical methods in R using the WRS2 package. Behavior Research Methods, 52(2), 464–488. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01246-w
May, R. W., Bauer, K. N., & Fincham, F. D. (2015). School burnout: Diminished academic and cognitive performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.015
Morcos, G., & Awan, O. A. (2023). Burnout in medical school: A medical student's perspective. Academic Radiology, 30(6), 1223–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2022.11.023
Park, H., & Jeong, D. Y. (2015). Psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.031
Putri, N.A. (2022). Hubungan sense of coherence dengan stres akademik pada mahasiswa program studi profesi dokter fakultas kedokteran universitas andalas [Diploma, Universitas Andalas]. http://scholar.unand.ac.id/98642/
Rice, K. G., Ray, M. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., & Ashby, J. S. (2015). Perfectionism and longitudinal patterns of stress for STEM majors: Implications for academic performance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(4), 718–731. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000097
Rosales-Ricardo, Y., Rizzo-Chunga, F., Mocha-Bonilla, J., & Ferreira, J. P. (2021). Prevalence of burnout syndrome in university students: A systematic review. Salud mental, 44(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2021.013
Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003
Seo, C., Di Carlo, C., Dong, S. X., Fournier, K., & Haykal, K.-A. (2021). Risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among medical students: A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(12), e0261785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261785
Seong, H., & Chang, E. (2021). Profiles of perfectionism, achievement emotions, and academic burnout in South Korean adolescents: Testing the 2 í— 2 model of perfectionism. Learning and Individual Differences, 90, 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102045
Setia, M. S. (2023). Cross-sectional studies. In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Volume 1: Building a program of research (pp. 269–291). Cambridge University Press.
Stoeber, J. (2018). The psychology of perfectionism: An introduction. In J.
Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research,
applications (pp. 3–16). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Stoeber, J., & Rennert, D. (2008). Perfectionism in school teachers: Relations with stress appraisals, coping styles, and burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701742461
Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2018). A motivational perspective. In J.
Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research,
applications (pp. 19–44). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Pescheck, E., Becker, C., & Stoll, O. (2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 959–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.006
Tang, X., Upadyaya, K., & Salmela"Aro, K. (2021). School burnout and psychosocial problems among adolescents: Grit as a resilience factor. Journal of Adolescence, 86(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.12.002
Transforming different Likert scales to a common scale. (2020, April 16). [CT741]. https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/transforming-different-likert-scales-common-scale
Tuominen-Soini, H., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Schoolwork engagement and burnout among Finnish high school students and young adults: Profiles, progressions, and educational outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033898
Walburg, V. (2014). Burnout among high school students: A literature review. Children and Youth Services Review, 42, 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.020
Wolf, M. R., & Rosenstock, J. B. (2017). Inadequate sleep and exercise associated with burnout and depression among medical students. Academic Psychiatry, 41(2), 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-016-0526-y
Xiu, P. (2022). Study success: A guide for med students. ELSEVIER.
https://www.elsevier.com/en-gb/education/study-med-school/studysuccess-a-guide-for-med-student
Yanes, A. F. (2017). The culture of perfection: A barrier to medical student wellness and development. Academic Medicine, 92(7), 900–901. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001752
Copyright (c) 2024 Fakhri Rizky Fadhlurrahman, Tri Rahayuningsih, Nila Anggreiny
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental is a periodical journal publisher with Open Access principles and Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0); therefore, the copyright remains with the author.
With this license, anyone has the right to use any information and re-distribute the content of this journal for any purposes, including commercial purposes. This can be done as long as the person satisfies the following two conditions; (1) the person is obliged to provide a proper attribution by citing the original source and indicate any changes they have made; and (2) the person is strictly not allowed to make any restrictions, both legal and technological limitations, that restrict others to have the same level of distribution rights.
The manuscript copyright remains with the author; therefore, INSAN JPKM do not and will not request for copyright transfer on all published manuscripts in INSAN JPKM.
