Why Crafting Fails? Workplace Belongingness as the Missing Link for Gen Z & Millennials’ Well-Being
Downloads
This study aims to examine the mediating role of workplace belongingness upon the effect of job crafting and leisure crafting on employee well-being based on Self-determination Theory (SDT). The research employed a cross-sectional survey method using data from Gen Z and Millennial employees (N=121) working in hybrid settings in Indonesia. The analysis was conducted using a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) Mediation approach. The findings revealed that: (1) The direct effect of both job crafting and leisure crafting on employee well-being are not statistically significant, and (2) workplace belongingness fully mediates the effect of job crafting and leisure crafting on employee well-being. These results suggest that job and leisure crafting alone may be insufficient to improve employee well-being unless such efforts foster a strong sense of connection to the organization or company, as well as when employees feel integrated, appreciated, and valued within their work community.
Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
Argan, M., Argan, M. T., & Dursun, M. T. (2018). Examining relationships among well-being, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction, and happiness. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 7(4), 49–59.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bal, Y., & Bulgur, N. E. (2023). Remote work: A paradigm shift in the modern workplace and its impact on the workforce. Dalam A. M. Even & B. Christiansen (Ed.), Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9172-0.ch019
Bartel, C. A., Wrzesniewski, A., & Wiesenfeld, B. M. (2012). Knowing where you stand: Physical isolation, perceived respect, and organizational identification among virtual employees. Organization Science, 23(3), 743–757. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0661
Becerra-Astudillo, L., Vargas-Díaz, B., Molina, C., Serrano-Malebrán, J., & Garzón-Lasso, F. (2022). Teleworking in times of a pandemic: An applied study of industrial companies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1061529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061529
Berg, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2013). Job crafting and meaningful work. Dalam B. J. Dik, Z. S. Byrne, & M. F. Steger (Ed.), Purpose and meaning in the workplace. American Psychological Association.
Bordeaux, C., Grace, B., & Sabherwal, N. (2021, November 23). Elevating the workforce experience: The belonging relationship how a sense of belonging enhances the workforce experience [Deloitte]. Human Capital Blog. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/blog/human-capital-blog/2021/what-is-belonging-in-the-workplace.html#
Bordeaux, C., & Lewis, S. (2021, September). Designing the workforce experience with the human at the center [Deloitte]. Human Capital Blog. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/blog/human-capital-blog/2021/human-centered-workforce-experience.html
Charles-Leija, H., Castro, C. G., Toledo, M., & Ballesteros-Valdés, R. (2023). Meaningful work, happiness at work, and turnover intentions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043565
Choudhury, P. (Raj), Khanna, T., Makridis, C. A., & Kyle Schirmann. (2022). Is Hybrid Work the Best of Both Worlds? Evidence from a Field Experiment. Harvard Business School Technology & Operation Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 22-063, Harvard Business School Strategy Unit Working Paper No. 22-063. https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/22-063_639195cc-e7b5-47d3-9281-62d192c5b916.pdf
Cisco. (2022). Employees are ready for hybrid work, are you? (Cisco Global Hybrid Work Study 2022, hlm. 1–23). https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/m/en_us/solutions/global-hybrid-work-study/reports/cisco-global-hybrid-work-study-2022.pdf
Cornelia, D., & Nasution, N. (2024). The influence of remote work on the performance of remote workers: The mediating role of work-family conflict and work-life balance. EKOMBIS REVIEW: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v12i1.5074
De Bloom, J., Vaziri, H., Tay, L., & Kujanpää, M. (2020). An identity-based integrative needs model of crafting: Crafting within and across life domains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(12), 1423–1446. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000495
De-la-Calle-Durán, M.-C., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, J.-L. (2021). Employee engagement and wellbeing in times of COVID-19: A proposal of the 5Cs model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105470
Deloitte. (2023). 2023 Gen Z and Millennial Survey. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/cn/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/genzmillennialsurvey-2023.html
Deloitte. (2024). 2024 Global Human Capital Trends. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/human-capital-trends.html
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2015). Productive and counterproductive job crafting: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(4), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039002
Dubbelt, L., Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2019). The value of job crafting for work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction: Longitudinal and quasi-experimental evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1576632
Ferrara, B., Pansini, M., De Vincenzi, C., Buonomo, I., & Benevene, P. (2022). Investigating the role of remote working on employees’ performance and well-being: An evidence-based systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912373
Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202
Ghazzawi, R., Bender, M., Daouk‐Öyry, L., Vijver, F. J. R., & Chasiotis, A. (2021). Job crafting mediates the relation between creativity, personality, job autonomy and well‐being in Lebanese nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(7), 2163–2174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13357
Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of economic uncertainty on mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic context: Social identity disturbance, job uncertainty and psychological well-being model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005
Harju, L. K., Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. J. (2021). The double‐edged sword of job crafting: The effects of job crafting on changes in job demands and employee well‐being. Human Resource Management, 60(6), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22054
Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001
HubSpot. (2023). 2023 Hybrid Work Report The Age of Connection. https://www.hubspot.com/hubfs/2023%20Hybrid%20Work%20Report_FINAL.pdf
Iwasaki, Y., Messina, E. S., & Hopper, T. (2018). The role of leisure in meaning-making and engagement with life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1374443
Jena, L. K., & Pradhan, S. (2018). Conceptualizing and validating workplace belongingness scale. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2017-0195
Johnson, A., Dey, S., Nguyen, H., Groth, M., Joyce, S., Tan, L., Glozier, N., & Harvey, S. B. (2020). A review and agenda for examining how technology-driven changes at work will impact workplace mental health and employee well-being. Australian Journal of Management, 45(3), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896220922292
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. (2015). The social psychology of organizations. In Organizational behavior 2 (pp. 152-168). Routledge.
Kim, H., Im, J., Qu, H., & NamKoong, J. (2018). Antecedent and consequences of job crafting: An organizational level approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1863–1881. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2017-0040
Kundi, Y. M., Aboramadan, M., Elhamalawi, E. M. I., & Shahid, S. (2021). Employee psychological well-being and job performance: Exploring mediating and moderating mechanisms. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 736–754. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2020-2204
Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Hicks, J. A., Kamble, S., Baumeister, R. F., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). To belong is to matter: Sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1418–1427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499186
Li, J., Yang, H., Weng, Q., & Zhu, L. (2023). How different forms of job crafting relate to job satisfaction: The role of person-job fit and age. Current Psychology, 42(13), 11155–11169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02390-3
Liu-Lastres, B., & Wen, H. (2021). How do ethnic minority foodservice workers perceive employee well-being? An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 376–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.013
Lu, J. G., Brockner, J., Vardi, Y., & Weitz, E. (2017). The dark side of experiencing job autonomy: Unethical behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.05.007
Lund, S., Madgavkar, A., Manyika, J., & Smit, S. (2020, November 23). What’s next for remote work: An analysis of 2,000 tasks, 800 jobs, and nine countries. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/whats-next-for-remote-work-an-analysis-of-2000-tasks-800-jobs-and-nine-countries#/
Manzanares, S., Martínez-Corts, I., Hernández, A., Demerouti, E., & Medina, F. J. (2024). Crafting behaviours and employees’ and their partners’ well-being: A weekly study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(3), 340–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2024.2314927
Mazmanian, M., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2013). The autonomy paradox: The implications of mobile email devices for knowledge professionals. Organization Science, 24(5), 1337–1357. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0806
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (Seventh edition, Pearson new international edition). Pearson.
Ni, Y.-L., Kuo, C.-C., Wu, C.-H., Chang, W. H., & Chen, L. H. (2022). How can we cope with self-control demands and enhance proactive vitality management? The role of leisure crafting and supervisor recreational sports support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(8), 3961–3980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00572-9
Page, K. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9270-3
Park, S., & Park, S. (2023). Contextual antecedents of job crafting: Review and future research agenda. European Journal of Training and Development, 47(1/2), 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-06-2021-0071
Peprah, O. E. (2024). Hybrid workplace: Current status, positives, negatives, challenges, and team learning. The Learning Organization, 31(1), 88–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-11-2022-0150
Petrou, P., Bakker, A. B., & Van Den Heuvel, M. (2017). Weekly job crafting and leisure crafting: Implications for meaning‐making and work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12160
Petrou, P., & De Vries, J. (2023). Context-free and work-related benefits of a leisure crafting intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Leisure Research, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2244953
Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1120–1141. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1783
Plessis, C., & Altintas, E. (2024). We can be heroes at work: The relationship between psychological capital, motivation and well-being during the great resignation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37(3), 581–602. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-06-2023-0240
Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2024). Common method bias: It’s bad, it’s complex, it’s widespread, and it’s not easy to fix. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11(1), 17–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030
Rice, R. W., Near, J. P., & Hunt, R. G. (1980). The job-satisfaction/ life-satisfaction relationship: A review of empirical research. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1(1), 37–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp0101_4
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2018). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness (Paperback edition). The Guilford Press.
Sardeshmukh, S. R., Sharma, D., & Golden, T. D. (2012). Impact of telework on exhaustion and job engagement: A job demands and job resources model. New Technology, Work and Employment, 27(3), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2012.00284.x
Schall, M. A. (2019). The Relationship Between Remote Work and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Autonomy, Work-Family Conflict, and Telecommuting Intensity [Master of Science, San Jose State University]. https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.2x82-58pg
Sekiguchi, T., Li, J., & Hosomi, M. (2017). Predicting job crafting from the socially embedded perspective: The interactive effect of job autonomy, social skill, and employee status. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(4), 470–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886317727459
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.325
Shirmohammadi, M., Au, W. C., & Beigi, M. (2022). Remote work and work-life balance: Lessons learned from the covid-19 pandemic and suggestions for HRD practitioners. Human Resource Development International, 25(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2047380
Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018). Inclusive workplaces: A review and model. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003
Slemp, G. R., Kern, M. L., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2015). Workplace well-being: The role of job crafting and autonomy support. Psychology of Well-Being, 5(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-015-0034-y
Slemp, G. R., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2013). The Job Crafting Questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. International Journal of Well-being, 3(2), 126–146.
Statistik Indonesia 2024 (No. 1101001; hlm. 1–852). (2024). Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/02/28/c1bacde03256343b2bf769b0/statistik-indonesia-2024.html
Stewart-Brown, S. L., & Schrader-Mcmillan, A. (2011). Parenting for mental health: What does the evidence say we need to do? Report of Workpackage 2 of the DataPrev project. Health Promotion International, 26(suppl 1), i10–i28. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar056
Subel, S., Stepanek, M., & Roulet, T. (2022). How shifts in remote behavior affect employee well-being. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.83702
Teevan, J., Baym, N., Butler, J., Hecht, B., Jaffe, S., Nowak, K., Sellen, A., & Yang, L. (2022). Microsoft New Future of Work Report 2022 (Microsoft Research Tech Report MSR-TR-2022-3). Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/worklab/work-trend-index/great-expectations-making-hybrid-work-work
Thissen, L., Biermann-Teuscher, D., Horstman, K., & Meershoek, A. (2023). (Un)belonging at work: An overlooked ingredient of workplace health. Health Promotion International, 38(3), daad061. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daad061
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009
Warr, P. (1990). The measurement of well‐being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
Wheatley, D. (2020). Changing places of work. Dalam P. Holland & C. Brewster (Ed.), Contemporary work and the future of employment in developed countries. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Wontorczyk, A., & Rożnowski, B. (2022). Remote, hybrid, and on-site work during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the consequences for stress and work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042400
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179–201.
Zhao, J., Li, X., & Shields, J. (2022). Optimizing the relationship between job autonomy and knowledge workers’ satisfaction: The roles of crafting and value congruence. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 60(3), 608–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12278
Copyright (c) 2025 Bella Febriana Damayanti, Samian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental is a periodical journal publisher with Open Access principles and Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0); therefore, the copyright remains with the author.
With this license, anyone has the right to use any information and re-distribute the content of this journal for any purposes, including commercial purposes. This can be done as long as the person satisfies the following two conditions; (1) the person is obliged to provide a proper attribution by citing the original source and indicate any changes they have made; and (2) the person is strictly not allowed to make any restrictions, both legal and technological limitations, that restrict others to have the same level of distribution rights.
The manuscript copyright remains with the author; therefore, INSAN JPKM do not and will not request for copyright transfer on all published manuscripts in INSAN JPKM.
