MODES OF SARS-COV-2 TRANSMISSION

Nilesh D. Patel; Kairavi J. Desai; Shirishkumar M. Patel

doi:10.20473/jvhs.V5.I1.2021.47-52

Authors

Nilesh D. Patel Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar- 364001, Gujarat, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-1590
Kairavi J. Desai
drkairavi@yahoo.in
Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar- 364001, Gujarat, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-4345
Shirishkumar M. Patel Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar- 364001, Gujarat, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-2216

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): July 2021 | JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL HEALTH STUDIES

Articles

July 31, 2021

Downloads

PDF

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
License

Background: On 12^th December 2019, pneumonia of unknown etiology was reported in number of human cases from Wuhan, central China. On 11^thFebruary 2020, the WHO named the disease COVID-19, short for "COronaVIrus Disease 2019”. This COVID-19 out-break has grown substantially to that of pandemic nature currently. Close personal contact and respiratory droplets from sneezes and coughs of patient can disseminate SARS-CoV-2. The WHO continues to stress the usefulness of environmental cleaning and disinfection, frequent hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette. The WHO also suggests avoidance of close, unprotected contact and maintenance of physical distance with people having fever or respiratory symptoms. Purpose: To develop strategies for lowering transmission of COVID-19, development of ways for distinguishing the various modes of transmission such as urine and fecal samples is need of the hour. Review: In a clinical scenario where possibility of vertical transmission of Covid-19 is increasingly being reported and transplacental transmission of the SARS-COV-2 cannot be ruled out, medical fraternity requires more evidence on vertical transmission for better mother and newborn care. Conclusion: In order to study the vertical dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, the heath authorities should include additional examinations of maternal and newborn samples in standard treatment guideline for pregnant women.

Al-Tawfiq, J.A., Rodriguez-Morales, A.J., 2020. Super-Spreading Events and Contribution to Transmission of MERS, SARS and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). J. Hosp. Infect. 105, 111–112.

Cai, J., Sun, W., Huang, J., Gamber, M., Wu, J., He, G., 2020. Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 1343–1345.

Centers for Diseace Control and Prevention, 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [WWW Document]. URL https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#How-COVID-19-Spreads (accessed 5.21.20).

Chang, L., Yan, Y., Wang, L., 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety. Transfus. Med. Rev. 34, 75–80.

Christina A. Penfield, Sara G. Brubaker, Jennifer Lighter, Adam J. Ratner, Kristen M. Thomas, J.A.M., 2020. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in placental and fetal membrane samples. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM Ahead of P.

Council, N.B.T., 2020. National Guidance to Blood Transfusion Services in India in Light of COVID-19 Pandemic. New Delhi.

Dong, L., Tian, J., He, S., Zhu, C., Wang, J., Liu, C., Yang, J., 2020. Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn. JAMA 323.

Ge, H., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Xiao, G., Wang, C., Deng, T., Yuan, Q., Xiao, X., 2020. The Epidemiology and Clinical Information about COVID-19. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 39, 1011–1019.

Ghose, T., 2020. How are People being Infected with COVID-19? [WWW Document]. Live Sci. URL https://www.livescience.com/how-covid-19-spreads-transmission-routes.html (accessed 5.21.20).

Gorbalenya, A.E., Baker, S.C., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A.M., Neuman, B.W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Samborskiy, D. V., Sidorov, I.A., Sola, I., Ziebuhr, J., 2020. The Species SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2.Natur Microbiol. 5, 536–544.

Gupta, P., Goyal, K., Kanta, P., Ghosh, A., Singh, M., 2019. Novel 2019-coronavirus on new year's Eve. Indian J.Med. Microbiol. 37, 459.

Hamid, S., Mir, M.Y., Rohela, G.K., 2020. Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Pandemic (Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Potential Rherapeutics). New Microbe New Infect 35.

Harapan, H., Itoh, N., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Keam, S., Te, H., Megawati, D., Hayati, Z., Wagner, A.L., Mudatsir, M., 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Literature Review. J. Infect. Public Health 13, 667–673.

Huanga, L., Zhang, Xiuwen, Zhang, Xinyue, Wei, Z., Zhang, L., Xub, J., Liangf, P., Xug, Y., Zhang, C., Xue, A., 2020. Rapid Asymptomatic Transmission of COVID-19 during The Incubation Period Demonstrating Strong Infectivity in A Cluster of Youngsters Aged 16-23 years Outside Wuhan and Characteristics of Young Patients with COVID-19: A Prospective Contact-Tracing Study. J. Infect. 80, e1–e13.

Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., Steinmann, E., 2020. Persistence of Coronaviruses on Inanimate Surfaces and their Inactivation with Biocidal Agents. J. Hosp. Infect. 104, 246–251.

Lauer, S.A., Grantz, K.H., Bi, Q., Jones, F.K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H.R., Azman, A.S., Reich, N.G., Lessler, J., 2020. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Am. Coll. Physicians Public Heal. Emerg. Collect. 172, 577–582.

Ong, S.W.X., Tan, Y.K., Chia, P.Y., Lee, T.H., Ng, O.T., Wong, M.S.Y., Marimuthu, K., 2020. Air, Surface Environmental and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA 323, 1610–1612.

Team, H. co. Z.N., n.d. Isolating virus from urine of the patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (2020) [WWW Document].

Vivanti, A., Vauloup-Fellous, C., Prevot, S., Zupan, V., Suffee, C., Cao, J. Do, Benachi, A., Luca, D. De, 2020. Transplacental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–7.

Wang, X., Zhou, Q., He, Y., Liu, L., Ma, X., Wei, X., Jiang, Nanchuan, Liang, L., Zheng, Y., Ma, L., Xu, Y., Yang, D., Zhang, J., Yang, B., Jiang, Ning, Deng, T., Zhai, B., Gao, Y., Liu, W., Bai, X., Pan, T., Wang, G., Chang, Y., Zhang, Z., Shi, H., Ma, W.-L., Gao, Z., 2020. Nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Eur. Respir. J. 55, 2000544.

Wei, X.-S., Wang, X.-R., Zhang, J.-C., Yang, W.-B., Ma, W.-L., Yang, B.-H., Jiang, N.-C., Gao, Z.-C., Shi, H.-Z., Zhou, Q., 2021. A Cluster of Health Care Workers with COVID-19 Pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 54, 54–60.

Wong, S.C.Y., Kwong, R..-S., Wu, T.C., Chan, J.W.M., Chu, M.Y., Lee, S.Y., Wong, H.Y., Lung, D.C., 2020. Risk ofNosocomial Transmission of Coronavirus Disease2019: An Experience in A General Ward Setting inHong Kong. J. Hosp. Infect. 105, 119–127.

World Health Organization, n.d. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic [WWW Document]. URL https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed 6.17.20).

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020a. (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT - 1.

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020b. WHO Director-General's statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) [WWW Document].URL https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) (accessed 6.17.20).

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020c. Novel coronavirus - China 11-fev 2020. Nov. Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situat. Rep. – 22.

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020d. Novel Coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ) Situation Report - 12 1 February 2020. Nov. Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situat. Rep. - 12 1–7.

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020e. Corona Virus [WWW Document]. URL https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 (accessed 6.17.20).

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020f. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19 : implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Sci. Br. 1–3.

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020g. HIV, antiretrovirals and COVID-19 [WWW Document]. URL https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-on-covid-19-hiv-and-antiretrovirals (accessed 5.23.20).

World Health Organization (WHO), 2020h. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situat. Report, 32.

Yea, F., Xub, S., Rong, Z., Xu, R., Liu, X., Deng, P., Liu, H., Xu, X., 2020. Delivery of Infection from Asymptomatic Carriers of COVID-19 in A Familial Cluster. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 94, 133–138.

Zhou, P., Yang, X. Lou, Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R. Di, Liu, M.Q.,Chen, Y., Shen, X.R., Wang, X., Zheng, X.S., Zhao,K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu, L.L., Yan, B., Zhan, F.X.,Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F., Shi, Z.L., 2020. A pneumoniaoutbreak associated with a new coronavirus ofprobable bat origin. Nature 579, 270–273