A Patient with Suspected Diphtheria
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2010)
Articles
May 3, 2010
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It was reported that a mature woman, Mrs. S, 42 years old with several complaints and symptoms such as fever, swallowing pain
weak body, swollen tonsil with beslag, dirty uvula of mouth cavity and tongue, and bullneck. The final diagnosis indicated that the
patient was suspected diphtheria, candidiasis oris, sepsis, and pneumonia. The sudden death of the patient was probably caused bymyocarditis.
Arfijanto, M. V., Mashitah, S. I., Widiyanti, P., & Bramantono, B. (2010). A Patient with Suspected Diphtheria. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 1(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v1i2.2169
1. Acang, N., 2006. Difteri. Dalam: A.W. Sudoyo, dkk, ed. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid 3 edisi IV. Jakarta: Pusat penerbitan Dep. IPD FKUI. pp. 1858–1861.
2. Alwi, I. & Mukmin, L.H., 2006. Miokarditis. Dalam: A.W. Sudoyo, dkk, ed. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid 3 edisi IV. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Dep. IPD FKUI. pp. 1609–1614.
3. Baarakett, V., Bellaich, G.& Petit, J.C., 1992. Fatal septicemia due toFatal septicemia due to a toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae subspecies mitis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. Vol. 11(8), pp. 761–762.
4. Bishai, W.R. & Murphy, J.R., 2008.Diphtheria and Other Infections Caused by Corynebacteria and Related Spesies. In: A.S. Fauci, et al, eds. Harrison’s Principle of Internal of Medicine 17 th ed. Vol. I. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 890–895.
5. Bonnet, J.M. & Begg, N.T., 1999. Control of Diphtheria: GuidanceControl of Diphtheria: Guidance for Consultants in Communicable Disease Control. Communicable Disease and Public Health, [online]. Vol 2 (4), pp. 242-249. Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdph/issues/CDPHvol2/no4/guidelines.pdf [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
6. Cavus, S.A., Oguz, V.A. & Yuce, A., 2007. The seroprevalence of diphtheria among adults in Izmir-Turkey. Vaccine, 25, pp: 3851– 3854.
7. Chen, K. & Widodo, D., 2004. Patofisiologi Sepsis: Peran Mediator Inflamasi. Dalam:D.Widodo & H.T. Pohan, ed. Bunga Rampai Infeksi. Jakarta:Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Dep. IPD FKUI. pp. 54–88.
8. Dinkes Jatim, 2006. KLB Difteri Jatim, Seksi P & SE. Available at:Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13758759/DIFTERI [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
9. Dung, N.M., Kneen, R., Kiem, N., Bethell, D.B., Phu, N.H., Solomon, T., et al, 2002. Treatment of Severe Diphtheritic Myocarditis by Temporary Insertion of a Cardiac Pacemaker. Brief Report. Clinical Infectious Diseases, [online]. 35, pp. 1425-1429. Available at: http:// www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/344176 [Accessed 30 May 2009].
10. Efstratiou, A.&George, R.C., 1999. Laboratory Guidelines for the diagnosis of Infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria and C. ulceran. Communicable Disease and Public Health. Vol. 2 (4),
pp. 250–257. 11. Fine, I., Brainerd, H. & Sokolow, M., 1950. Myocarditis in Acute Infectious Diseases: A Clinical and Electrocardiographic Study. Circulation, [online]. 2, pp. 859–871. Available at: http://circ.
ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/2/6/859.pdf [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
12. Frassetto, L.A.,2008. Corynebacterium Infections.[online] 30 June. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215100diagnosis [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
13. Jayashree, M., Shruthi, N., & Singhi, S., 2006. Predictors of Outcome in Patients with Diphtheria Receiving Intensive Care. Brief Report. Indian Pediatrics, [online]. Vol 43, pp. 155–160. Available at: http://indianpediatrics.net/feb2006/155.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2009].
14. Kneen, R., Giao, P.N., Solomon, T., Van, T.T.M., Hoa, N.T.T., Long, T.B., et al, 1998. Penicillin vs. Erythromycin in the Treatment of Diphtheria. Clinical Infection Diseases, [online]. 27, pp. 845-850. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ doi/pdf/10.1086/514959 [Accessed 30 May 2009].
15. Lakkireddy, D.R., Kondur, A. K., Chediak, E.J., Nair, C. K. & Khan, I.A., 2005. Cardiac Troponin I Release in Non-Ischemic Reversible Myocardial Injury from Acute Diphtheric Myocarditis. International Journal of Cardiology, 98, pp. 351–54.
16. Lumio, J., 2003. Studies on the Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Diphtheria during the Russian Epidemic of the 1990s. Accademic Dissertation.Tampere: Medical School of the University of Tampere. Available at: http://acta.uta.fi/pdf/951-445750-1.pdf [Accessed 28 August 2009].
17. Lumio, J.T., Groudstroem, K.W.E., Melnick, O.B., Huhtala, H. & Rakhmanova, A.G., 2004. Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Patients with Diphtheria: A Prospective Study. The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 116, pp. 78-83.
18. Lurie, P., Stafford, H., Teacher, C., Ankeny, R., Baron, M., Bart, J., et al, 2004. Fatal Respiratory Diphtheria in a U.S. Traveler to Haiti— Pennsylvania, 2003. JAMA, [online]. 291(8), pp. 937–38. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/291/8/937 [Accessed 19 May 2009].
19. Mattos, A. L., Moreira, L.O., Damasco, P.V., Junior, R.H., 2003. Diphtheria Remains a Threat to Health in the Developing World –An Overview. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, [online].Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, [online]. Vol. 98(8), pp. 987–93. Available at:987–93. Available at: www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v98n8/v98n8a01.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2009].
20. Morgan, B.C., 1963. Cardiac Complications of Diphtheria. PEDIATRICS, [online]. Vol. 32 (4), pp. 549-557. Available at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/32/4/549.pdf.[Accessed 17 August 2009].
21. Nalmas, S., Nagarakanti, R., Slim, J., Abter, E., Bishburg, E., 2007. Electrocardiographic Changes in Infectious Diseases. Clinical Review Article. Hospital Physician, [online]. pp. 15–27. Availble at:
http://www.turner-white.com/memberfile.php?PubCode=hp_sep07_electrocardiogram.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2009].
22. Nandi, R., Purkayastha, P. & Bhattacharjee, A.K., 2003. Diphtheria— the patch remains. International Congress series, 1254, pp. 391–97.
23. Nasronudin, 2008. The challenge of Treating Gram-Negative Infection and Choosing the Appropriate Antibiotic. Dalam: Nasronudin, dkk, ed. Proceeding National Symposium: Tropical diseases Update I. Surabaya: Pustaka Melati. pp. 6–13.
24. Prospero, E., Raffo, M., Bagnoli, M., Appignanesi, R. & D’Errico, M.M., 1997. Diphtheria: Epidemiological update and review of prevention and control strategies. European Journal of Epidemiology,13, pp. 527-34.
25. Shah, I., 2005. Diphtheria- A Case Report. Pediatric Oncall, [online]. Available at: http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/casereports/ diphtheria.asp [Accessed 28 August 2009].
26. Tiwari, T.S.P., 2008. Diphtheria. VPD Surveillance Manual 4 ed. pp. 1–9. th
27. Volzke, H., Warnke, C., Dorr, M., Kramer, A., Guertier, L., Hoffmann, et al, 2006. Association between cardiac disorders and a decadesprevious history of diphtheria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 25, pp. 651–56.
28. Wahjono, H., 2007. Peran Mikrobiologi Klinik pada Penanganan Penyakit infeksi. Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Mikrobiologi Universitas Diponegoro, [online]. Available at : http://eprints.undip.ac.id/320/1/Hendro_Wahjono.pdf [Diakses 1 September 2009].
29. White, N.J. & Hien T.T., 2003. Diphtheria. In: G.C.Cook & A.Zunla, eds. Manson’s Tropical Diseases 21 ed. London: Saunders. pp. 1137–1140.
2. Alwi, I. & Mukmin, L.H., 2006. Miokarditis. Dalam: A.W. Sudoyo, dkk, ed. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid 3 edisi IV. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Dep. IPD FKUI. pp. 1609–1614.
3. Baarakett, V., Bellaich, G.& Petit, J.C., 1992. Fatal septicemia due toFatal septicemia due to a toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae subspecies mitis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. Vol. 11(8), pp. 761–762.
4. Bishai, W.R. & Murphy, J.R., 2008.Diphtheria and Other Infections Caused by Corynebacteria and Related Spesies. In: A.S. Fauci, et al, eds. Harrison’s Principle of Internal of Medicine 17 th ed. Vol. I. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 890–895.
5. Bonnet, J.M. & Begg, N.T., 1999. Control of Diphtheria: GuidanceControl of Diphtheria: Guidance for Consultants in Communicable Disease Control. Communicable Disease and Public Health, [online]. Vol 2 (4), pp. 242-249. Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdph/issues/CDPHvol2/no4/guidelines.pdf [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
6. Cavus, S.A., Oguz, V.A. & Yuce, A., 2007. The seroprevalence of diphtheria among adults in Izmir-Turkey. Vaccine, 25, pp: 3851– 3854.
7. Chen, K. & Widodo, D., 2004. Patofisiologi Sepsis: Peran Mediator Inflamasi. Dalam:D.Widodo & H.T. Pohan, ed. Bunga Rampai Infeksi. Jakarta:Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Dep. IPD FKUI. pp. 54–88.
8. Dinkes Jatim, 2006. KLB Difteri Jatim, Seksi P & SE. Available at:Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13758759/DIFTERI [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
9. Dung, N.M., Kneen, R., Kiem, N., Bethell, D.B., Phu, N.H., Solomon, T., et al, 2002. Treatment of Severe Diphtheritic Myocarditis by Temporary Insertion of a Cardiac Pacemaker. Brief Report. Clinical Infectious Diseases, [online]. 35, pp. 1425-1429. Available at: http:// www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/344176 [Accessed 30 May 2009].
10. Efstratiou, A.&George, R.C., 1999. Laboratory Guidelines for the diagnosis of Infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria and C. ulceran. Communicable Disease and Public Health. Vol. 2 (4),
pp. 250–257. 11. Fine, I., Brainerd, H. & Sokolow, M., 1950. Myocarditis in Acute Infectious Diseases: A Clinical and Electrocardiographic Study. Circulation, [online]. 2, pp. 859–871. Available at: http://circ.
ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/2/6/859.pdf [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
12. Frassetto, L.A.,2008. Corynebacterium Infections.[online] 30 June. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215100diagnosis [Accessed: 8 May 2009].
13. Jayashree, M., Shruthi, N., & Singhi, S., 2006. Predictors of Outcome in Patients with Diphtheria Receiving Intensive Care. Brief Report. Indian Pediatrics, [online]. Vol 43, pp. 155–160. Available at: http://indianpediatrics.net/feb2006/155.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2009].
14. Kneen, R., Giao, P.N., Solomon, T., Van, T.T.M., Hoa, N.T.T., Long, T.B., et al, 1998. Penicillin vs. Erythromycin in the Treatment of Diphtheria. Clinical Infection Diseases, [online]. 27, pp. 845-850. Available at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ doi/pdf/10.1086/514959 [Accessed 30 May 2009].
15. Lakkireddy, D.R., Kondur, A. K., Chediak, E.J., Nair, C. K. & Khan, I.A., 2005. Cardiac Troponin I Release in Non-Ischemic Reversible Myocardial Injury from Acute Diphtheric Myocarditis. International Journal of Cardiology, 98, pp. 351–54.
16. Lumio, J., 2003. Studies on the Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Diphtheria during the Russian Epidemic of the 1990s. Accademic Dissertation.Tampere: Medical School of the University of Tampere. Available at: http://acta.uta.fi/pdf/951-445750-1.pdf [Accessed 28 August 2009].
17. Lumio, J.T., Groudstroem, K.W.E., Melnick, O.B., Huhtala, H. & Rakhmanova, A.G., 2004. Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Patients with Diphtheria: A Prospective Study. The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 116, pp. 78-83.
18. Lurie, P., Stafford, H., Teacher, C., Ankeny, R., Baron, M., Bart, J., et al, 2004. Fatal Respiratory Diphtheria in a U.S. Traveler to Haiti— Pennsylvania, 2003. JAMA, [online]. 291(8), pp. 937–38. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/291/8/937 [Accessed 19 May 2009].
19. Mattos, A. L., Moreira, L.O., Damasco, P.V., Junior, R.H., 2003. Diphtheria Remains a Threat to Health in the Developing World –An Overview. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, [online].Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, [online]. Vol. 98(8), pp. 987–93. Available at:987–93. Available at: www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v98n8/v98n8a01.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2009].
20. Morgan, B.C., 1963. Cardiac Complications of Diphtheria. PEDIATRICS, [online]. Vol. 32 (4), pp. 549-557. Available at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/32/4/549.pdf.[Accessed 17 August 2009].
21. Nalmas, S., Nagarakanti, R., Slim, J., Abter, E., Bishburg, E., 2007. Electrocardiographic Changes in Infectious Diseases. Clinical Review Article. Hospital Physician, [online]. pp. 15–27. Availble at:
http://www.turner-white.com/memberfile.php?PubCode=hp_sep07_electrocardiogram.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2009].
22. Nandi, R., Purkayastha, P. & Bhattacharjee, A.K., 2003. Diphtheria— the patch remains. International Congress series, 1254, pp. 391–97.
23. Nasronudin, 2008. The challenge of Treating Gram-Negative Infection and Choosing the Appropriate Antibiotic. Dalam: Nasronudin, dkk, ed. Proceeding National Symposium: Tropical diseases Update I. Surabaya: Pustaka Melati. pp. 6–13.
24. Prospero, E., Raffo, M., Bagnoli, M., Appignanesi, R. & D’Errico, M.M., 1997. Diphtheria: Epidemiological update and review of prevention and control strategies. European Journal of Epidemiology,13, pp. 527-34.
25. Shah, I., 2005. Diphtheria- A Case Report. Pediatric Oncall, [online]. Available at: http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/casereports/ diphtheria.asp [Accessed 28 August 2009].
26. Tiwari, T.S.P., 2008. Diphtheria. VPD Surveillance Manual 4 ed. pp. 1–9. th
27. Volzke, H., Warnke, C., Dorr, M., Kramer, A., Guertier, L., Hoffmann, et al, 2006. Association between cardiac disorders and a decadesprevious history of diphtheria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 25, pp. 651–56.
28. Wahjono, H., 2007. Peran Mikrobiologi Klinik pada Penanganan Penyakit infeksi. Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Mikrobiologi Universitas Diponegoro, [online]. Available at : http://eprints.undip.ac.id/320/1/Hendro_Wahjono.pdf [Diakses 1 September 2009].
29. White, N.J. & Hien T.T., 2003. Diphtheria. In: G.C.Cook & A.Zunla, eds. Manson’s Tropical Diseases 21 ed. London: Saunders. pp. 1137–1140.
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