Morphometric and Molecular Identification of Eimeria Bovis and Eimeria Zuernii on Beef Cattle in Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia

Downloads
Lamongan Regency, located in East Java, Indonesia, is a significant center for beef cattle production. Despite its prominence, studies on the identification and differentiation of Eimeria spp. parasites in this region are notably lacking. This research aims to address this gap by evaluating the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and identifying two pathogenic species: Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. The study involved the collection of 250 fecal samples from beef cattle raised on smallholder farms across Lamongan. Sampling was conducted during the rainy season to optimize the detection of Eimeria infections. Using the sugar flotation method, Eimeria oocysts were isolated from 5–10 g of fecal matter per sample. Molecular identification employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting ribosomal RNA’s internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region to detect the pathogenic species. Fecal examination using the Whitlock test revealed a prevalence of Eimeria spp. at 44.45% (111/250). PCR analysis further identified E. bovis with a 238 bp amplicon in Solokuro District and E. zuernii with a 344 bp amplicon in Tikung District, highlighting the presence of these two pathogenic species in distinct geographic areas. The findings underline the need for further research that includes expanded sampling from different regions and cattle breeds and the application of varied diagnostic methods. Such studies will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, distribution, and epidemiology of E. bovis and E. zuernii in Indonesia, supporting improved cattle health and management practices in the region.
Alcala-Canto, Y., Figueroa-Castillo, J. A., Ibarra-Velarde, F., Vera-Montenegro, Y., Cervantes-Valencia, M. E., & Alberti-Navarro, A. (2020). First database of the spatial distribution of Eimeria species of cattle, sheep, and goats in Mexico. Parasite Research, 119, 1057–1074.
Ananta, S. M., Hidayat, A., & Matsubayashi, M. (2014). Survey on gastrointestinal parasites and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in West Java, Indonesia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7, 197–201.
Bangoura, B., Mundt, H. C., Schmäschke, R., Westphal, B., & Daugschies, A. (2012). Prevalence of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in German cattle herds and factors influencing oocyst excretion. Parasite Research, 110, 875–881.
Cruvinel, L. B., Ferreira, L. L., Nicaretta, L. E., Couto, L. F. M., Zapa, D. M. B., Cavalcante, A. S. D. A., Heller, L. M., Junior, R. D. D. M., Gontijo, L. M. D. A., Suzuki, K., Soares, V. E., & Lopes, W. D. Z. (2021). Eimeria spp. in naturally infected beef cattle: Dynamics of oocyst excretion, prevalence, and comparison between parasitological diagnostics. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 194, 105447.
Deb, L. C., Ahmed, S. S. U., Baidhya, C. C., Nath, D. N., Ghosh, S., & Paul, S. (2022). Prevalence of Eimeria spp. with associated risk factors in dairy calves in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8, 1250–1257.
Ekawasti, F., Nashrulloh, M. F., Nurcahyo, R. W., Priyowidodo, D., Prastowo, J., & Firdausy, L. W. (2022). Development of nested duplex PCR assays for detection of pathogenic Eimeria species in cattle in Papua, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 976, 012008.
Ekawasti, F., Nurcahyo, R. W., Nashrulloh, M. F., Priyowidodo, D., & Prastowo, J. (2022). Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique for detection and discrimination of Eimeria spp. in cattle in Indonesia. Veterinary World, 15, 975–980.
Ekawasti, F., Nurcahyo, W., Wardhana, A. H., Shibahara, T., Tokoro, M., Sasai, K., & Matsubayashi, M. (2019). Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic Eimeria species among beef cattle on Java Island, Indonesia. Parasitology International, 72, 101927.
Fikri, F., Hendrawan, D., Wicaksono, A. P., Purnomo, A., Khairani, S., Chhetri, S., Maslamama, S. T., & Purnama, M. T. E. (2023). Incidence, risk factors, and therapeutic management of equine colic in Lamongan, Indonesia. Veterinary World, 16(7), 1408.
Gupta, A., Singh, N. K., Singh, H., & Rath, S. S. (2016). Assessment of risk factors associated with prevalence of coccidiosis in dairy animals of Punjab. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 40, 1359–1364.
Hamid, P. H., Kristianingrum, Y. P., & Prastowo, S. (2019). Bovine coccidiosis cases of beef and dairy cattle in Indonesia. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 17, 100298.
Hamid, P. H., Kristianingrum, Y. P., Prastowo, J., & da Silva, L. R. M. (2016). Gastrointestinal parasites of cattle in Central Java. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 11, 119–124.
Hastutiek, P., Lastuti, N. D. R., Suwanti, L. T., Kurniawati, D. A., & Effendi, M. H. (2022). Morphological variations of Eimeria spp. in beef cattle in Bangkalan District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23, 3457–3461.
Hastutiek, P., Lastuti, N. D. R., Suwanti, L. T., Sunarso, A., Suprihati, E., Kurniawati, D. A., & Matsubayashi, M. (2022). Coproparasitological examinations and molecular determination of Eimeria species in Madura cattle reared on Madura Island, Indonesia. Parasitology International, 86, 102478.
Hiko, A., & Rorisa, A. (2016). Eimeria infection in calves under local farming systems in and around Asella, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 16, 11236–11247.
Indraswari, A. A. S., Suwiti, N. K., & Apsari, I. A. P. (2017). Gastrointestinal protozoa: Eimeria auburnensis and Eimeria bovis infecting female Bali cattle in Nusa Penida. Udayana Veterinary Bulletin, 9, 112–116.
Kalle, E., Kubista, M., & Rensing, C. (2014). Multi-template polymerase chain reaction. Biomolecular Detection and Quantification, 2, 11–29.
Kartikasari, A. M., Hamid, I. S., Purnama, M. T. E., Damayanti, R., Fikri, F., & Praja, R. N. (2019). Isolation And Identification Of Escherichia Coli As Bacterial Contamination In Broiler Chicken Meat In Poultry Slaughterhouse Lamongan District. Jurnal Medik Veteriner, 2(1), 66–71.
Kawahara, F., Zhang, G., Mingala, C. N., Tamura, Y., Koiwa, M., Onuma, M., & Nunoya, T. (2010). Genetic analysis and development of species-specific PCR assays based on ITS-1 region of rRNA in bovine Eimeria parasites. Veterinary Parasitology, 174, 49–57.
Keeton, S. T., & Navarre, C. B. (2018). Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 34, 201–208.
Kurniawan, M. A., Suwanti, L. T., Mufasirin, M., Soeharsono, S. H. W., Eliyani, H., & Maulana, W. Q. (2023). The potential of laserpuncture technology and probiotics on weight and digestibility of crude protein of Madura Bull at Tlagah Village, Sampang-East Java. Journal of Applied Veterinary Science and Technology, 4, 10.
Kusnadi, J., & Arumingtyas, E. L. (2020). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Brawijaya University Press, pp. 100–210.
Kusumaningtyas, D. Y. P., & Munir, A. S. (2022). Optimizing regional tourism potential by strengthening rules on tourism villages in Lamongan regency. Journal of Economics, Islam, and Business, 2, 33–46.
López-Osorio, S., Silva, L. M., Chaparro-Gutiérrez, J. J., Velásquez, Z. D., Taubert, A., & Hermosilla, C. (2020). Optimized excystation protocol for ruminant Eimeria bovis and Eimeria arloingi sporulated oocysts and first 3D holotomographic microscopy analysis of differing sporozoite egress. Parasite International, 76(1), 102068.
López-Osorio, S., Silva, L. M., Taubert, A., Chaparro-Gutiérrez, J. J., & Hermosilla, C. R. (2018). Concomitant in vitro development of Eimeria zuernii and Eimeria bovis macromeronts in primary host endothelial cells. Parasite International, 67, 742–750.
Makau, D. N., Gitau, G. K., Muchemi, G. K., Thomas, L. F., Cook, E. A. J., Wardrop, N. A., Fèvre, E. M., & de Glanville, W. A. (2017). Environmental predictors of bovine Eimeria infection in western Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 49, 409–416.
Muhamad, N., Awaludin, A., & Nugraheni, Y. R. (2021). Coccidiosis in dairy cattle in Jember district, East Java - Indonesia. Journal of Applied Animal Science, 4, 60–65.
Nurany, W., Attahirah, C. W., Nuraini, D. M., Pawestri, W., & Cahyadi, M. (2022). Coccidiosis in Bali cattle from extensive farm management. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1116, 012046.
Nurdianti, Yunus, M., Mufasirin. (2023). Incidence of Eimeria spp. in Fat-Tailed Sheep Breed in Malang, Indonesia. Jurnal Medik Veteriner, 6(2), 230–236.
Omelchenko, D. O., Krinitsina, A. A., Kasianov, A. S., Speranskaya, A. S., Chesnokova, O. V., Polevova, S. V., & Severova, E. E. (2022). Assessment of ITS1, ITS2, 5′-ETS, and trnL-F DNA barcodes for metabarcoding of Poaceae pollen. Diversity, 14, 191.
Pinto, A., May, K., Yin, T., Reichenbach, M., Malik, P. K., Roessler, R., Schlecht, E., & König, S. (2021). Gastrointestinal nematode and Eimeria spp. infections in dairy cattle along a rural-urban gradient. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 25, 100600.
Purnama, M. T. E., Dewi, W. K., Prayoga, S. F., Triana, N. M., Aji, B. S. P., Fikri, F., & Hamid, I. S. (2019). Preslaughter stress in banyuwangi cattle during transport. Indian Veterinary Journal, 96(12), 50–52.
Rahmawati, E., Apsari, I. A. P., & Dwinata, I. M. (2018). Prevalence of gastrointestinal protozoa infection in Bali cattle on wet and dry farms in Badung regency. Indonesian Medical Veterinary Journal, 7, 324–334.
Saravia, A., Miraballes, C., Riet-Correa, F., & Castro-Janer, E. (2021). Eimeria spp. in dairy calves in Uruguay. Identification, dynamics of oocyst excretion and association with the age of calves. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 25, 100588.
Sriasih, M., Yanuarianto, O., Dahlanuddin, D., & Pomroy, W. E. (2018). Gastrointestinal parasite infection on Bali cattle raised in semi-intensive farming system in Dompu, Sumbawa island: a preliminary study. International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, 6, 1–9.
Sufi, I. M., Cahyaningsih, U., & Sudarnika, E. (2016). Prevalence and risk factor of coccidiosis in dairy cattle in Bandung district. Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 10, 195–199.
Sufi, I. M., Cahyaningsih, U., & Sudarnika, E. (2017). Eimeria species composition and factors influencing oocysts shedding in dairy farm, Bandung, Indonesia. Biotropia, 24(2), 104–113.
Tiwari, A., Ahmed, W., Oikarinen, S., Sherchan, S. P., Heikinheimo, A., Jiang, G., & Bivins, A. (2022). Application of digital PCR for public health-related water quality monitoring. Science of The Total Environment, 837, 155663.
Tomczuk, K., Grzybek, M., Szczepaniak, K., Studzińska, M., Demkowska-Kutrzepa, M., Roczeń-Karczmarz, M., & Klockiewicz, M. (2015). Analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the dynamics of bovine Eimeria spp. from central-eastern Poland. Veterinary Parasitology, 214, 22–28.
Vandendoren, M., O’Toole, D., Gigley, J., Zhang, R., & Bangoura, B. (2022). Establishment of a cell culture-qPCR system to quantify early developmental stages of Eimeria zuernii. Veterinary Parasitology, 301, 109621.
Yang, R. H., Su, J. H., Shang, J. J., Wu, Y. Y., Li, Y., Bao, D. P., & Yao, Y. J. (2018). Evaluation of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), specifically ITS1 and ITS2, for the analysis of fungal diversity by deep sequencing. PLOS ONE, 13, e0206428.
Yang, S., & Rothman, R. E. (2004). PCR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: uses, limitations, and future applications in acute-care settings. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4, 337–348.
Yanuartono, Y., Nururrozi, A., Indarjulianto, S., & Purnamaningsih, H. (2019). The role of protozoa in ruminants and its impact on the environment. Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 20(1), 16–28.
Zefanya, F., Apsari, I. A. P., & Oka, I. B. M. (2021). Prevalence and identification of Eimeria sp. and Isospora sp. intestinal protozoa of Bali cattle in highlands and wet lowlands. Indonesian Medical Veterinary Journal, 10, 180–188.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad 'Ahdi Kurniawan, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Mufasirin Mufasirin, Endang Suprihati, Poedji Hastutiek, Kusnoto Kusnoto, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori, Yulianna Puspitasari, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Bima Putra Pratama, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions;
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions;
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA).