Smokers' Diet Pattern and Nutritional Status in Sulawesi Tengah: Analysis of 2018 Basic Health Research
Pola Makan dan Status Gizi Perokok di Sulawesi Tengah: Analisis Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018
Downloads
Background: According to the National Basic Health Research of Indonesia (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Central Sulawesi Province surpassed the national rate. This province is also home to 31.3% of active smokers. The main risk factor for NCDs is an unhealthy lifestyle such as physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and unhealthy diet pattern.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate diet patterns and nutritional status of adults in Central Sulawesi based on their smoking status.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data from Riskesdas 2018. Smoking status, diet pattern and nutritional status were the variables assessed from 12,211 respondents. The statistical analyses used in this study were chi-square test and Generalized Linear Model (GLM).
Results: Thirty-six-point two per cent of the respondents were active smokers. The prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and central obesity in smokers were significantly lower than that in the non-smoker group (p<0.05). The smoker group consumed sweetened drinks at least once a week, which increased the prevalence ratio as the weekly consumption frequency increased (PR=1.17 to 1.49; p<0.05). They also had a lower prevalence ratio of consumption a maximum of 3-4 portions/day of vegetable and consuming salty food (high sodium) 1-2 times a week.
Conclusions: Although the prevalence ratio of overweight and central obesity are lower in smokers, they have unhealthy diet patterns, which are shown in lower consumption of vegetables and high in salty food. In the future, an advanced longitudinal study with representative number of respondents is needed to explore the causality of these variables.
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Report On The Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021: Addressing new and emerging products. WHO https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/tobacco-control/global-tobacco-report-2021 (2021).
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Kementrian Kesehatan RI (2018).
World Health Organization. Non-Communicable Disease. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (2021).
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Action Plan: For the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. (2013). doi:10.4324/9780429033735.
Oliveira, A., Maia, B. & Lopes, C. Determinants of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption amongst Portuguese adults. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 27, 194–203 (2014).
Mathew, A. C., Kurian, R., Akshaya, K., Karthikeyan, S. & Chacko, T. V. Association between smoking and body mass index among males aged 20 years and above: A study in rural Tamil Nadu, South India. South East Asia J. Public Heal. 4, 53–58 (2015).
Chhabra, P. & Chhabra, S. Effect of Smoking on Body Mass Index: A Community-Based Study. Natl. J. (Wash). 2, 325–330 (2011).
CDC. GYTS (Global Youth Tobacco Survey) Fact Sheet, Indonesia, 2019. (2019).
Nawawi, Y. S., Hasan, A., Salawati, L., Husnah & Widiastuti. Insights into the association between smoking and obesity: The 2014 indonesian family life survey. Med. J. Indones. 29, 213–221 (2020).
Kim, Y., Jeong, S. M., Yoo, B., Oh, B. & Kang, H.-C. Associations of smoking with overall obesity, and central obesity: a cross-sectional study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2013). Epidemiol. Health 38, e2016020 (2016).
Varaksin, A. N., Konstantinova, E. D., Maslakova, T. A., Shalaumova, Y. V. & Nasybullina, G. M. An Analysis of the Links between Smoking and BMI in Adolescents: A Moving Average Approach to Establishing the Statistical Relationship between Quantitative and Dichotomous Variables. Children 9, 220 (2022).
Suryadinata, R. V, Lorensia, A. & Sari, R. K. Perbedaan Asupan Nutrisi Makanan dan Indeks Massa Tubuh antara Perokok Aktif dan Non-perokok pada Usia Dewasa. Indones. J. Clin. Pharm. 6, 171–180 (2017).
Schröders, J. et al. How is Indonesia coping with its epidemic of chronic noncommunicable diseases? A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 12, e0179186 (2017).
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Laporan Nasional RISKESDAS 2018. (2018).
Sohn, K. Sufficiently good measures of obesity: The case of a developing country. J. Biosoc. Sci. 46, 797–817 (2014).
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Pedoman Pengisian Kuesioner Riskesdas 2018. Kementeri. Kesehat. RI (2018).
Zheng, R., Marquez, P. V., Ahsan, A., Hu, X. & Wang, Y. Cigarette Affordability in Indonesia:2002-2017. The World Bank Group https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30027 (2018) doi:10.1596/30027.
Amalia, B., Cadogan, S. L., Prabandari, Y. S. & Filippidis, F. T. Socio-demographic inequalities in cigarette smoking in Indonesia, 2007 to 2014. Prev. Med. (Baltim). 123, 27–33 (2019).
BPS. Rata-Rata Pendapatan Bersih Sebulan Pekerja Bebas1) Menurut Provinsi dan Lapangan Pekerjaan Utama (ribu rupiah), 2021. BPS https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2021/07/15/2138/rata-rata-pendapatan-bersih-pekerja-bebas-menurut-provinsi-dan-lapangan-pekerjaan-utama-2021.html (2021).
Keputusan Gubernur Sulawesi Tengah Nomor 561/430/Dis.nakertrans.6.ST/2020 tentang Upah Minimum Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2021. (2020).
BPS. Upah Minimum Regional/Propinsi (Rupiah), 2018-2020. BPS https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/19/220/1/upah-minimum-regional-propinsi.html (2020).
Afif, M. N. & Sasana, H. Pengaruh Kemiskinan, Pendapatan Per Kapita, Harga Rokok, Produksi Rokok Terhadap Konsumsi Rokok Di Indonesia. Diponegoro J. Econ. 1, 88–96 (2019).
Piirtola, M. et al. Association of current and former smoking with body mass index: A study of smoking discordant twin pairs from 21 twin cohorts. PLoS One 13, 1–17 (2018).
Audrain-Mcgovern, J. & Benowitz, N. L. Cigarette smoking, nicotine, and body weight. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 90, 164–168 (2011).
Oddo, V. M., Maehara, M. & Hyun Rah, J. Overweight in Indonesia: an observational study of trends and risk factors among adults and children. BMJ Open 9, 31198 (2019).
Kim, S. W. et al. The relationship between smoking cigarettes and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study with non-single residents of Seoul under 40 years old. PLoS One 16, 1–11 (2021).
Wang, J. et al. Association between life-course cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: a discovery-replication strategy. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 14, 1–12 (2022).
Jeong, S. H., Jang, B. N., Kim, S. H., Jang, S. I. & Park, E. C. Investigation of the association between smoking behavior and metabolic syndrome using lipid accumulation product index among south korean adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 1–10 (2021).
Dżugan, M., BÅ‚ażej, B. & Tomczyk, M. Dietary preferences and health status of tobacco smokers in Poland. Polish J. Public Heal. 129, 13–17 (2019).
Haibach, J. P., Homish, G. G. & Giovino, G. A. A longitudinal evaluation of fruit and vegetable consumption and cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob. Res. 15, 355–363 (2013).
Berube, L., Duffy, V. B., Hayes, J. E., Hoffman, H. J. & Rawal, S. Associations between chronic cigarette smoking and taste function: Results from the 2013–2014 national health and nutrition examination survey. Physiol. Behav. 240, 113554 (2021).
Sartika, R. A. D. et al. Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Its Potential Health Implications in Indonesia. KesmasJurnal Kesehat. Masy. Nas. (National Public Heal. Journal) 17, 1–9 (2022).
Lampuré, A. et al. Sociodemographic, psychological, and lifestyle characteristics are associated with a liking for salty and sweet tastes in French adults. J. Nutr. 145, 587–594 (2015).
Choi, K. H., Park, M. S., Kim, J. A. & Lim, J. A. Associations between excessive sodium intake and smoking and alcohol intake among Korean men: KNHANES V. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12, 15540–15549 (2015).
Prihatini, S., Permaesih, D. & Julianti, E. D. Asupan Natrium Penduduk Indonesia: Analisis Data Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) 2014. Gizi Indones. J. Indones. Nutr. Assoc. 39, 15–24 (2016).
Andarwulan, N. et al. Food consumption pattern and the intake of sugar, salt, and fat in the South Jakarta City”Indonesia. Nutrients 13, 1–19 (2021).
Anker, J. J., Nakajima, M., Raatz, S., Allen, S. & al'Absi, M. Tobacco withdrawal increases junk food intake: The role of the endogenous opioid system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 225, 108819 (2021).
Chao, A. M., White, M. A., Grilo, C. M. & Sinha, R. Examining the effects of cigarette smoking on food cravings and intake, depressive symptoms, and stress. Eat. Behav. 24, 61–65 (2017).
Fahmawati, D. Perbedaan Tingkat Konsumsi dan Kadar Kolesterol Darah antara Perokok dan Non-Perokok. Indones. J. Public Heal. 14, 243–251 (2019).
Copyright (c) 2024 Amerta Nutrition
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
AMERTA NUTR by Unair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
4. The Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
