PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT OF TOXOPLASMOSIS
Downloads
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite of protozoa groups, can infect humans and all warm-blooded animals, are found in almost all locations around the world. Infection generally occurs orally through the consumption of animal products that are not perfectly cooked infected oocyst, parasite containing foods in the form of bradyzoite, contact with cat’s feces containing oocysts or vertical transmission occurring through hematogenous placenta. Toxoplamosis can occur in acute or chronic. It divided into five categories, namely, toxoplasmosis in patients immunocompetent, toxoplasmosis in pregnancy, congenital toxoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and ocular toxoplasmosis. In each category of clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis are often non-specific. Methods of diagnosis and interpretation are often different for each category. Toxoplasmosis can be diagnosed through a series of tests such as serology, PCR, histology parasites and parasite isolation. Treatment management of this disease requires a long time. Therapy depends on the category of infections as well as individual therapeutic response. The combination of pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine is the drug choice for toxoplasmosis.
Chahaya (2003). Epidemiologi “Toxoplasma Gondii”. Bagian kesehatan lingkungan FakultasKesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Sumatera Utara, hlm 1–13.
Hokelek M (2009). Toxoplasmosis. Available at: http://www. emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969. Accessed: February 6, 2010
Nicolle C & Manceaux L. (1908). Sur une infection a corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondi. C R Seances Acad. Sci., 147: 763–766.
Yellita (2004). Mekanisme interaksi Toxoplasma gondii dengan sel host. Pengantar falsafah sains Institut Pertanian Bogor, hal 1–12
Demar M, Ajzenberg D, Maubon D, Djossou F, Panchoe D, Punwasi D (2007). Fatal outbreak of human Toxoplamosis along the mahoni river epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects. Clin Infect Dis, 45: e88–95.
Waree P (2008). Toxoplamosis pathogenesis and immune respone. Thammasat Medical Journal, 8: 487–95.
Becker J, Singh D, Sinert RH (2010). Toxoplasmosis. Available at: http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/787505. Accessed on October 28, 2010
Subauste C (2006). Toxoplamosis and HIV in HIV inSite knowledge base chapter. UCSF HIV inSite, pp 1–13.
Montoya JG (2002). Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and Toxoplamosis. J Infect Dis, 185: S73–82.
Mechain B, Garin YJ, Camel JD, Gangneun FR, Derouin F (2000). Lack of utility of specific immunoglogulin G antibody avidity for serodiagnosis of reactivated Toxoplamosis in immunocompromise patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 7: 703–05.
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O (2004). Toxoplasmosis. Lancet, 363:
–76.
Marcolino P, Silva DA, Leser PG, Camargo ME, Mineo JR (2000). Molecular markers in acute and chronic phases of human Toxoplamosis: determination of immunoglobulin G avidity by western blotting. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 7: 384–89
Jarreau P (2010). Serological response to parasitic and fungal infections in Clinical Immunology, Serology a Laboratory Perspective, eds. Stevens CD, FA Davis Company USA, pp 328–40.
Wilson M, Schantz PM, Nutman P, Tsang VC (2002). Clinical imunoparasitology in Manual of clinical laboratory immunology 6th ed. Eds Rose NR, Hamilton RG, ASM press Washington DC, pp 547–57.
Walker M, Zunt JR (2005). Parasitic central nervous system infections in imunocompromised hosts. Clin infect Dis, 40: 1005–15.
Hidalgo HF, Bulabois CE, Pinchart MP, Hamidfar R, Garban F (2008).
Diagnosis of toxoplasmois after allogenic stem cell transplantation: results of DNA detection and serological techniques. Clin Infect Dis, 49: e9–15
Belanger F, Derouin F, Keros LG, Meyer L (1999). Incidence and risk factor of Toxoplamosis in a cohort of human immunodeficiencyvirus-Infected patients 1988-1995. Clin Infect Dis, 575–81.
Antinori A, Larussa D, Cingolani A, Lorenzini P, Bossolasco S, Finazzi MG (2004). Prevalence, associated factors, and prognostic determinants of AIDS related toxoplasmic encephalitis in the era of advanced highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin infect Dis, 39: 1681–91.
Ribera E, Sola AF, Juste C, Rovira A, Romero FJ, Gil LA, Ruiz I (1999). Comparison of high and low dose of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole for primary prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin infect Dis, 29: 1461–6.
Djakovic OD, Milenkovic V, Nikolic A, Bobic B, Grujic J (2002). Efficacy of atovaquone combined with clindamycin against murine infection with a cystogenic (Me49) strain of Toxoplasma gondii. J Antimicrob Chemother, 50: 981–987.
Kaplan JE, Holmes KH, Masur H (2002). Guideline for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons recommendation of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm, 51: 1–53.
Lazuardi S, Srisasi G, Ismael S, Hendarto SK, Soctomenggolo (1989). Toksoplasmosis congenital. MKI1989; 39: 464–72.
Ajzenberg D, Cogne N, Paris L, Bessieres MH, Thulliez Pfilliseti D (2002). Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital Toxoplamosis, and correlation with clinical findings. J Infect Dis, 186: 684–9.
Montoya JG, Remington JS (2008). Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin infect Dis, 47: 554–66.
Yamamoto JH, Vallochi AL, Silveira C, Filho JK, Nussenblatt RB, Neto EC (2000). Discrimination between patients with acquired Toxoplamosis and congenital Toxoplamosis on the basis of theimmune response to parasite antigens. J Infect Dis, 181: 2018–22.
The Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease (IJTID) is a scientific peer-reviewed journal freely available to be accessed, downloaded, and used for research. All articles published in the IJTID are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which is under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so reasonably, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
