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Innovation in Financing Coastal Village Development through Community-Owned Microfinance Institution: A Case Study of Village Credit Institution (LPD) Kedonganan Bali
[Inovasi Pembiayaan Pembangunan Desa Pesisir Melalui Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Berbasis Masyarakat: Studi Kasus di Lembaga Pekreditan Desa (LPD) Kedonganan Bali]
Corresponding Author(s) : Suadi Suadi
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan,
Vol. 11 No. 2 (2019): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Abstract
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) is a worldwide movement. This study aims to describe the key conditions in the rapid development of community-owned MFIs, namely LPD (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa/Village Credit Institution), through case study in LPD Kedonganan Village, Badung Regency of Bali. This village was selected for few reasons i.e. the shifting of people livelihood from fishery-based to tourism-related livelihood, the well-manage of coastal commons for fishery, tourism spot, and religious-related activities. Data collection was conducted through several visits during 2007 to 2018. This research adopted qualitative approach through observation and depth-interview with local leaders, MFI managers and users to discover their perspective about the MFI. Secondary data was also collected from various reports of LPD Kedonganan. The study showed that LPD was established, owned, and managed by the community through a custom village. LPD distributed credits to various components of the society and business including tourism and fisheries-related business, in and out of village territory, and to male and female customers, with various types, scales, and sectors. The healthy financial performance of the institution was clearly depicted by its rapidly growing profit and equity, and its low percentage of a non-performing loan for more than three decades. The better growing LPD has attracted various socio-economic investments in the grass root, for example a collective-owned and managed seafood restaurant. Overall, the study identified that the community had made such successful and sustainable collective-owned resource arrangement. The arrangement had been evolved and built by sharing rules linked to community values, customs and faith. As a result, the emerging institutions had contributed remarkable roles to rural socio-cultural and economic development and showed the opportunity to enhance some cooperative behaviors for sustainable governance of resources and rural livelihood.
Abstrak
Lembaga keuangan mikro (LKM) telah menjadi gerakan yang mendunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan faktor-faktor keberhasilan pengelolaan LKM berbasis masyarakat, yaitu LPD (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa), melalui studi kasus di LPD Desa Kedonganan, Kabupaten Badung Bali. Desa ini dipilih karena beberapa alasan antara lain terjadi pergeseran cepat sumber penghidupan masyarakat dari berbasis perikanan (sektor primer) ke pariwisata (sektor tersier), desa mampu mengelola sumberdaya milik bersama di pesisir secara baik untuk kegiatan perikanan, tempat wisata, dan kegiatan terkait keagamaan/budaya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui beberapa kunjungan selama tahun 2007 hingga 2018. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan kualitatif melalui observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan para pemimpin lokal, manajemen LPD, dan pengguna untuk memahami perspektif mereka tentang LKM. Data sekunder juga dikumpulkan dari berbagai laporan LPD Kedonganan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa LPD didirikan, dimiliki, dan dikelola oleh masyarakat melalui desa adat. LPD mendistribusikan kredit ke berbagai komponen masyarakat dan bisnis termasuk pariwisata dan bisnis terkait perikanan, melingkupi pengguna dalam dan luar wilayah desa, dan kelompok laki-laki dan wanita, dengan berbagai jenis, skala, dan sektor ekonomi. Kinerja keuangan lembaga yang sehat secara jelas ditunjukkan dengan laba dan ekuitasnya yang berkembang pesat, dan rendahnya pinjaman bermasalah selama lebih dari tiga dekade. LPD yang tumbuh lebih baik telah menarik berbagai investasi sosial-ekonomi di masyarakat, misalnya restoran makanan laut yang dimiliki dan dikelola secara kolektif. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian mengidentifikasi bahwa masyarakat mampu mengelola sumber daya yang dimiliki secara kolektif secara menguntungkan dan berkelanjutan. Model pengelolaan tersebut telah dikembangkan dan dibangun dengan berbagi aturan yang terkait dengan nilai-nilai masyarakat, adat istiadat, dan kepercayaan. Model kelembagaan ini telah berperan peran penting bagi pembangunan sosial-budaya dan ekonomi pedesaan dan menunjukkan peluang untuk meningkatkan perilaku kerja sama untuk tata kelola sumber daya dan mata pencaharian pedesaan yang berkelanjutan.
Keywords
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- Anthony, D. (2005). Cooperation in Microcredit Borrowing Groups: Identity, Sanctions, and Reciprocity in the Production of Collective Goods. Americould Sociological Review, 70(3): 496-515.
- Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35(4): 216-224.
- Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2002). Social Capital and Community Governance. The Economic Journal, 112(483): F419-F436
- Folger R. (2012). Moral Resources. In: Törnblom K., Kazemi A. (eds) Handbook of Social Resource Theory. Critical Issues in Social Justice. New York: Springer. pp149-159.
- Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22: 7-20.
- Granoveter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddednes. The Americould Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481 - 510.
- Khan, S. R. (2006). Learning from South Asian ‘Successes’. South Asia Economic Journal, 7(2): 157-178
- LPD. (2008). Profile of Balinese LPD. Bali.
- Meinzen-Dick, R., DiGregorio, M., & McCarthy, N. (2004). Methods for Studying Collective Action in Rural Development. Agricultural System, 82: 197-214.
- Patel, L., Kaseke, E., & Midgley, J. (2012). Indigenous Welfare and Community-Based Social Development: Lessons from Africould Innovations. Journal of Community Practice, 20:12-31.
- Patria, I. K. R. (2013). Lembaga Perkreditan Desa: UU LKM Jadi Payung Hukum, Lembaga Perkreditan Rakyat: MFI Act as Legal Protection.
- http://www.bali-bisnis.com/index.php/lembaga-perkreditan-desa-uu-lkm-jadi-payung-hukum/ [accessed: 8 April 2013]
- PERDA 3/2003. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2003 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Bali
- Nomor 3 Tahun 2001 Tentang Desa Pakraman (Regional Regulation of Bali No. 3/2003 on Custom village)
- PERDA 3/2007. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2007 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali
- Nomor 8 Tahun 2002 tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (Regional Regulation of Bali No. 3/2007 on Village Credit Institution).
- Rini, A. P. S., Bambang, A. Z. & Wibowo, B. A. (2017). Strategi Pengembangan Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI) Kedonganan Kabupaten Badung Bali. Journal of Fisheries Resources Utilization Management and Technology, 6 (4): 119-128.
- Suadi & Nakagawa, M. (2009). Sharing the Commons: Resolving the Tragedy of the Commons through Collaborative Management of Coastal Commons at Kedonganan Village, Bali. Journal of Kyosei Studies, 3(1): 263-285.
- Suadi. (2010). Livelihood from the Commons: Conflict, Cooperation, and the Governance of Coastal Resources in Indonesia. Japan: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. (unpublished thesis).
- Swamy, V. (2019). Financial Inclusion and The Resilience of Poor Households. The Journal of Developing Areas, 53(4): 179-192.
- Wati, I., Suadi, & Nakagawa, M. (2016). Challenges for sustainable development of community based micofinance: A case study from Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) Kedonganan customary villege, Bali. Kyosei Studies, 10(1): 296-332
- UU 32/2004. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Act No. 32/2004 on Regional Government)
- UU 10/1998. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan (Act No. 10/1998 on Bank).
- UU 25/1992. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasi (Act No. 25/1992 on Cooperative)
- von Pischke, J. D. (2008). New Partnerships for Sustainability and Outreach. In I. Matthäus-Maier and J. D. von Pischke (eds),. New Partnerships for Innovation in Microfinance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p.1-13.
- Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(2):151-208.
References
Anthony, D. (2005). Cooperation in Microcredit Borrowing Groups: Identity, Sanctions, and Reciprocity in the Production of Collective Goods. Americould Sociological Review, 70(3): 496-515.
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35(4): 216-224.
Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2002). Social Capital and Community Governance. The Economic Journal, 112(483): F419-F436
Folger R. (2012). Moral Resources. In: Törnblom K., Kazemi A. (eds) Handbook of Social Resource Theory. Critical Issues in Social Justice. New York: Springer. pp149-159.
Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22: 7-20.
Granoveter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddednes. The Americould Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481 - 510.
Khan, S. R. (2006). Learning from South Asian ‘Successes’. South Asia Economic Journal, 7(2): 157-178
LPD. (2008). Profile of Balinese LPD. Bali.
Meinzen-Dick, R., DiGregorio, M., & McCarthy, N. (2004). Methods for Studying Collective Action in Rural Development. Agricultural System, 82: 197-214.
Patel, L., Kaseke, E., & Midgley, J. (2012). Indigenous Welfare and Community-Based Social Development: Lessons from Africould Innovations. Journal of Community Practice, 20:12-31.
Patria, I. K. R. (2013). Lembaga Perkreditan Desa: UU LKM Jadi Payung Hukum, Lembaga Perkreditan Rakyat: MFI Act as Legal Protection.
http://www.bali-bisnis.com/index.php/lembaga-perkreditan-desa-uu-lkm-jadi-payung-hukum/ [accessed: 8 April 2013]
PERDA 3/2003. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2003 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Bali
Nomor 3 Tahun 2001 Tentang Desa Pakraman (Regional Regulation of Bali No. 3/2003 on Custom village)
PERDA 3/2007. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2007 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali
Nomor 8 Tahun 2002 tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (Regional Regulation of Bali No. 3/2007 on Village Credit Institution).
Rini, A. P. S., Bambang, A. Z. & Wibowo, B. A. (2017). Strategi Pengembangan Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI) Kedonganan Kabupaten Badung Bali. Journal of Fisheries Resources Utilization Management and Technology, 6 (4): 119-128.
Suadi & Nakagawa, M. (2009). Sharing the Commons: Resolving the Tragedy of the Commons through Collaborative Management of Coastal Commons at Kedonganan Village, Bali. Journal of Kyosei Studies, 3(1): 263-285.
Suadi. (2010). Livelihood from the Commons: Conflict, Cooperation, and the Governance of Coastal Resources in Indonesia. Japan: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. (unpublished thesis).
Swamy, V. (2019). Financial Inclusion and The Resilience of Poor Households. The Journal of Developing Areas, 53(4): 179-192.
Wati, I., Suadi, & Nakagawa, M. (2016). Challenges for sustainable development of community based micofinance: A case study from Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) Kedonganan customary villege, Bali. Kyosei Studies, 10(1): 296-332
UU 32/2004. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Act No. 32/2004 on Regional Government)
UU 10/1998. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan (Act No. 10/1998 on Bank).
UU 25/1992. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasi (Act No. 25/1992 on Cooperative)
von Pischke, J. D. (2008). New Partnerships for Sustainability and Outreach. In I. Matthäus-Maier and J. D. von Pischke (eds),. New Partnerships for Innovation in Microfinance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p.1-13.
Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(2):151-208.