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The addition of Daphnia magna and Ascorbic Acid to Angelfish Feed to Improve Its Growth and Immune Response (Pterophyllum scalare)
Corresponding Author(s) : Titan Aji Wiratama
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight
- The growth of angelfish which supplemented D. magna enriched ascorbic acid was identified and analyzed
- The survival rate of angelfish after challenge test using A. hydrophylla was identified and analyzed
- The composition of ascorbic acid in D. magna was analysed using iodometry titration test D. magna that has been added ascorbic acid was analyzed
Abstract
Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) is a tropical ornamental fish in freshwater with considerable potential in the global market and promising cultivation. However, it has a slow growth. The purpose of this research was to find the impact of giving feeding variations, namely D. magna that enriched ascorbic acid on improving the angelfish growth and its immune response. The research method used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using four treatments and three replications. The dosage of ascorbic acidconsisted of 0 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L. The fish was fed twice a day and applied with ad libitum. The result showed the addition of ascorbic acidhad impacted its growth, and it produced SGR 2.393±0.003 %/day and challenge tests. The Survival Rate (SR) after challenge test was 79.99±1.000 %. In conclusion, the highest amount of growth and survival was treatment D (150 mg/L).
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- Abdolbaghian, S., Jamili, S., & Matinfar, A. (2010). The effect of temperature and diet on the degrees of specific growth rate percentage (SGR %) and weight growth (WG %) of angel fish fry (Pterophyllum scalare). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5(4): 311- 315.
- Adel, A., & Khara, H. (2016). The effects of different dietary vitamin C and iron levels on the growth, hematological and immunological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 15(2): 886-897.
- Affan, J. M. (2012). Identifikasi lokasi untuk pengembangan budidaya keramba jaring apung (KJA) berdasarkan faktor lingungan dan kualitas air di perairan pantai Timur Bangka Tengah. Jurnal Ilmu - lmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 1(1): 78-85.
- Agus, M., & Tri, Y. M. (2010). Pengaruh perbedaan jenis pakan alami daphnia, jentik nyamuk dan cacing sutera terhadap pertumbuhan ikan cupang hias (Betta splendens). PENA Akuatika, 2(1): 21-29.
- Ambarwati, A T., Diana, R., & Istiyanto, S. (2014). Pengaruh penambahan vitamin C dengan dosis yang berbeda pada pakan buatan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan kepiting bakau (Scylla sp). Journal Aquacultur Management Technology, 3(4): 26-33.
- Asma, N., Zainal, A., Muchlisin., & Hasri, I. (2016). Pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup benih ikan peres (Osteochilus vittatus) pada ransum harian yang berbeda. Jurnal ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 1(1): 1-11.
- BSN (Badan Standar Nasional). (2009). Produksi ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus Bleeker) kelas benih sebar. BSN (Badan Standar Nasional). SNI 7550:2009. 12 p.
- Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Journal Nutrients, 9(11): 1211.
- Dawood, M. A. O., & Koshio, S. (2016). Vitamin C supplementation to optimize growth, health and stress resistance in aquatic animals. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(2):334-350.
- Damayanti, E. P., & Kurniawati, P. (2017). Perbandingan metode penentuan vitamin C pada minuman kemasan menggunakan metode spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan iodimetri. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia dan Pembelajarannya : Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UM.
- Dwinanti, S. H., & Sasanti, A. D. (2019). Pemanfaatan ascorbic acid untuk Meningkatkan Performa Imunitas Benih Ikan Gabus (Channa striata). Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia, 7(1): 67-76.
- Ebi, I., Seok, A. S. K., Lim, L. S., & Shapawi, R. (2018). Dietary ascorbic acid requirement for the optimum growth performances and normal skeletal development in juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus. Journal of King Saud University Science, 30(4): 493-499.
- Faziel, M., Yulvizar, C., & Hasri, I. (2017). Pengaruh suplemen dan probiotik pada pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan peres (Osteochilus vittatus). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 2(1): 158-168.
- Garcia-Ulloa, M., & Gomez-Romero, H. J. (2005). Growth of angel fish Pterophyllum scalare [Gunther, 1862] juveniles fed inert diets. Rev. Avances de Investigación Agropecuaria, 9(3): 49-60.
- Gbadamosi, O. K., Fasakin, E. A., & Adebayo, O. T. (2013). Clinical changes observed in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed varying levels of ascorbic acid supplementation. African Journal of. Agricultural Research, 8(30): 4122-4127.
- Gunawan, A. S. A., Subandiyono., & Pinandoyo. (2014). Pengaruh vitamin C dalam pakan buatan terhadap tingkat konsumsi pakan, dan pertumbuhan ikan nila merah (Oreochromis niloticus), Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology, 3(4): 191-198.
- Hanafiah, S. (2012). Rancangan percobaan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo.
- Persada. Hermawan, D., Mustahal., Permana, A., & Junitasari, L. (2015). Manajemen pemberian pakan pada pemeliharaan larva synodontis (Synodontis eupterus). Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian dan Perikanan, 4(1): 97-104.
- Jusadi, D., Meylani, I., & Utomo, N. B. P. (2008). Kadar ascorbic acid dalam tubuh Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya dengan ascorbic acid pada lama waktu pengkayaan yang berbeda. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(1):11-17.
- Kang, C. K., Park, H. Y., Kim, M. C., & Lee, W. J. (2006), Use of marine yeasts as an available diet for mass cultures of Moina macrocopa. Aquaulture Research, 37(12): 1227-1237.
- Kasiri, M., Farahi, A., & Sudagar, M. (2011). Effects of feeding frequency on growth performance and survival rate of angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Veterinary Research Forum. 2(2): 97-102.
- Leal, E., Zarza, C., & Tafalla, C. (2017). Effect of Ascorbic acid on innate immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocytes. Fish and Shelfish Immunology, 67(1): 179-188.
- Lugert, V., Thaller, G., Tetens, J., Schulz, C., & Krieter, J. (2014). A review on fish growth calculation: multiple functions in fish production and their specific application. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1): 30-42.
- Lucas, W. G. F., Kalesaran, O. J., & Lumenta, C. (2015). Pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva gurami (Osphronemus gourami) dengan pemberian beberapa jenis pakan. Jurnal Budidaya Perairan, 3(2): 19-28.
- Manush, S. M., Srivastava, P. P., Kohli, M. P. S., Ayyappan, S., & Metar, S. Y. (2013). Combined effect of papain and vitamin-C levels on growth performance of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobranchium rosenbergii. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 13(3): 497-486.
- Mohseni, M., Pourkazemi, M., Hassani, S., Okorie, O., Min, T., & Bai, S. (2012). Effects of different three live foods on growth performance and survival rates in beluga (Huso huso) Larvae. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 11(1): 118-131.
- Muchlisin, Z. A., Arisa, A., Muhammadar, A. A., Fadli, N., Arisa, I. I., & Siti, A. M. N. (2016). Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling (Tor tambra) fingerlings fed a formulated diet with different doses of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol). Archives of Polish Fisheries, 24(1): 47-52.
- Mudiarti, L., & Kursistiyanto, N. (2019). Pemanfaatan asam askorbat dalam perekayasaan pakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan benih ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Jurnal Eksakta. 19(2): 169-181.
- Murphy, B. G., Bradway, D., Walsh, T., Sanders, G. E., & Snekvik, K. (2009). Gastric cryptosporidiosis in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(5): 722-727.
- Nayak, S. K., Swain, P., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2007). Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic and vitamin C on the immune response of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(4): 892-896.
- Ortega-Salas, A. A., Cortes, G. I. & Reyes-Bustamante, H. (2009). Fecundity, growth, and survival of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae) underlaboratory conditions. Revista de Biología Tropical International Journal of Trophical Biology and Conservation, 57(3): 741-747.
- Parker, A., Cuddihy, S. L., Son, T. G., Vissers, M. C., & Winterbourn, C. C. (2011). Roles of superoxide and myeloperoxidase in ascorbate oxidation in stimulated neutrophils and H2O2-treated HL60 cells. Journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51(7): 1399-1405.
- Peng, S. M., Shi, Z. H., Fei, Y., Gao, Q. X., Sun, P., & Wang, J. G. (2013). Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, tissue ascorbic acid concentrations and physiological response to transportation stress in juvenile silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(6): 1337-1341.
- Perlberg, S. T., Diamant, A., Ofir, R., & Zilberg, D. (2008). Characterization of swim bladder non- inflation (SBN) in angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare (Schultz), and the effect ofexposure to methylene blue. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31(3): 215-228.
- Putra, D. F., Fanni, M., Muchlisin, Z. A., & Muhammadar, A. A. (2016). Growth performance and survival rate of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) fed Daphnia sp. enriched with manure, coconut dregs flour and soybean meal. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation Bioflux, 9(5): 944-948.
- Putra, A. K., Mumpuni, F. S., & Rosmawati. (2017). Pengaruh pemberian pakan alami yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup benih ikan maanvis (Pterophyllum scalare). Jurnal Mina Sains, 3(1): 30-38.
- Ramadhani, R., Sofyatuddin, K., & Hasri, I. (2017). The effect of feeding D. magna enhanced with ascorbic acid on survival and growth rates of depik fry (Rasbora tawarensis). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah. 2(4): 454-463.
- Rottmann, R. W., Graves, J. S., Watson, C. & Yanong, R. P. E. (2011). Culture techniques of moina: The ideal daphnia for feeding freshwater fish fry. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, University of Florida.
- Sediaoetama, A. D. (2010). Ilmu gizi. Jakarta: Gramedia Utama Pustaka.
- Setiawati, J. E., Tarsim., Adiputra, Y. T., & Hudaidah, S. (2013). Pengaruh penambahan probiotik pada pakan dengan dosis berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan, kelulushidupan, efisiensi pakan dan retensi protein ikan patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus). E-Jurnal Rekayasa dan Teknologi Budidaya Perairan, 1(2): 151-162.
- Setiawati, M., Sutajaya, R., & Suprayudi, M. A. (2008). Pengaruh perbedaan kadar protein dan rasio energi protein pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan fingerlings ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2): 171-178.
- Sharma, D., Das, J., & Dutta, A. (2012). Effect of cetain feeds on growth and survival of ompok pabo (Hamilton-Buchanan hatchings in captive condition). Journal International of Scientific and Research Publications, 1(2): 1-5.
- Sunarto., Suriansyah., & Sabariah. (2008). Pengaruh pemberian vitamin C ascorbic acid terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan respon imun ikan betook (Anabas testudineus Bloch). Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2): 151-157.
- Tatangindatu, F., Kalesaran, O., & Rompas, R. (2013). Studi parameter fisiki kimia air pada area budidaya ikan di Danau Tondano, Desa Paleloan, Kabupaten Minahasa. Jurnal Budidaya Perairan, 1(2): 8-19.
- Zhou, Q., Wang, L., Wang, H., Xie, F., & Wang, T. (2012). Effect of dietary vitamin C on the growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Fish and Shellfish Immunology ,32(6): 969-975.
References
Abdolbaghian, S., Jamili, S., & Matinfar, A. (2010). The effect of temperature and diet on the degrees of specific growth rate percentage (SGR %) and weight growth (WG %) of angel fish fry (Pterophyllum scalare). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5(4): 311- 315.
Adel, A., & Khara, H. (2016). The effects of different dietary vitamin C and iron levels on the growth, hematological and immunological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 15(2): 886-897.
Affan, J. M. (2012). Identifikasi lokasi untuk pengembangan budidaya keramba jaring apung (KJA) berdasarkan faktor lingungan dan kualitas air di perairan pantai Timur Bangka Tengah. Jurnal Ilmu - lmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 1(1): 78-85.
Agus, M., & Tri, Y. M. (2010). Pengaruh perbedaan jenis pakan alami daphnia, jentik nyamuk dan cacing sutera terhadap pertumbuhan ikan cupang hias (Betta splendens). PENA Akuatika, 2(1): 21-29.
Ambarwati, A T., Diana, R., & Istiyanto, S. (2014). Pengaruh penambahan vitamin C dengan dosis yang berbeda pada pakan buatan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan kepiting bakau (Scylla sp). Journal Aquacultur Management Technology, 3(4): 26-33.
Asma, N., Zainal, A., Muchlisin., & Hasri, I. (2016). Pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup benih ikan peres (Osteochilus vittatus) pada ransum harian yang berbeda. Jurnal ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 1(1): 1-11.
BSN (Badan Standar Nasional). (2009). Produksi ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus Bleeker) kelas benih sebar. BSN (Badan Standar Nasional). SNI 7550:2009. 12 p.
Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Journal Nutrients, 9(11): 1211.
Dawood, M. A. O., & Koshio, S. (2016). Vitamin C supplementation to optimize growth, health and stress resistance in aquatic animals. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(2):334-350.
Damayanti, E. P., & Kurniawati, P. (2017). Perbandingan metode penentuan vitamin C pada minuman kemasan menggunakan metode spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan iodimetri. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia dan Pembelajarannya : Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UM.
Dwinanti, S. H., & Sasanti, A. D. (2019). Pemanfaatan ascorbic acid untuk Meningkatkan Performa Imunitas Benih Ikan Gabus (Channa striata). Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia, 7(1): 67-76.
Ebi, I., Seok, A. S. K., Lim, L. S., & Shapawi, R. (2018). Dietary ascorbic acid requirement for the optimum growth performances and normal skeletal development in juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus. Journal of King Saud University Science, 30(4): 493-499.
Faziel, M., Yulvizar, C., & Hasri, I. (2017). Pengaruh suplemen dan probiotik pada pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan peres (Osteochilus vittatus). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 2(1): 158-168.
Garcia-Ulloa, M., & Gomez-Romero, H. J. (2005). Growth of angel fish Pterophyllum scalare [Gunther, 1862] juveniles fed inert diets. Rev. Avances de Investigación Agropecuaria, 9(3): 49-60.
Gbadamosi, O. K., Fasakin, E. A., & Adebayo, O. T. (2013). Clinical changes observed in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed varying levels of ascorbic acid supplementation. African Journal of. Agricultural Research, 8(30): 4122-4127.
Gunawan, A. S. A., Subandiyono., & Pinandoyo. (2014). Pengaruh vitamin C dalam pakan buatan terhadap tingkat konsumsi pakan, dan pertumbuhan ikan nila merah (Oreochromis niloticus), Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology, 3(4): 191-198.
Hanafiah, S. (2012). Rancangan percobaan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo.
Persada. Hermawan, D., Mustahal., Permana, A., & Junitasari, L. (2015). Manajemen pemberian pakan pada pemeliharaan larva synodontis (Synodontis eupterus). Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian dan Perikanan, 4(1): 97-104.
Jusadi, D., Meylani, I., & Utomo, N. B. P. (2008). Kadar ascorbic acid dalam tubuh Daphnia sp. yang diperkaya dengan ascorbic acid pada lama waktu pengkayaan yang berbeda. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(1):11-17.
Kang, C. K., Park, H. Y., Kim, M. C., & Lee, W. J. (2006), Use of marine yeasts as an available diet for mass cultures of Moina macrocopa. Aquaulture Research, 37(12): 1227-1237.
Kasiri, M., Farahi, A., & Sudagar, M. (2011). Effects of feeding frequency on growth performance and survival rate of angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Veterinary Research Forum. 2(2): 97-102.
Leal, E., Zarza, C., & Tafalla, C. (2017). Effect of Ascorbic acid on innate immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocytes. Fish and Shelfish Immunology, 67(1): 179-188.
Lugert, V., Thaller, G., Tetens, J., Schulz, C., & Krieter, J. (2014). A review on fish growth calculation: multiple functions in fish production and their specific application. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1): 30-42.
Lucas, W. G. F., Kalesaran, O. J., & Lumenta, C. (2015). Pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva gurami (Osphronemus gourami) dengan pemberian beberapa jenis pakan. Jurnal Budidaya Perairan, 3(2): 19-28.
Manush, S. M., Srivastava, P. P., Kohli, M. P. S., Ayyappan, S., & Metar, S. Y. (2013). Combined effect of papain and vitamin-C levels on growth performance of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobranchium rosenbergii. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 13(3): 497-486.
Mohseni, M., Pourkazemi, M., Hassani, S., Okorie, O., Min, T., & Bai, S. (2012). Effects of different three live foods on growth performance and survival rates in beluga (Huso huso) Larvae. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 11(1): 118-131.
Muchlisin, Z. A., Arisa, A., Muhammadar, A. A., Fadli, N., Arisa, I. I., & Siti, A. M. N. (2016). Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling (Tor tambra) fingerlings fed a formulated diet with different doses of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol). Archives of Polish Fisheries, 24(1): 47-52.
Mudiarti, L., & Kursistiyanto, N. (2019). Pemanfaatan asam askorbat dalam perekayasaan pakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan benih ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Jurnal Eksakta. 19(2): 169-181.
Murphy, B. G., Bradway, D., Walsh, T., Sanders, G. E., & Snekvik, K. (2009). Gastric cryptosporidiosis in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(5): 722-727.
Nayak, S. K., Swain, P., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2007). Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic and vitamin C on the immune response of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(4): 892-896.
Ortega-Salas, A. A., Cortes, G. I. & Reyes-Bustamante, H. (2009). Fecundity, growth, and survival of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae) underlaboratory conditions. Revista de Biología Tropical International Journal of Trophical Biology and Conservation, 57(3): 741-747.
Parker, A., Cuddihy, S. L., Son, T. G., Vissers, M. C., & Winterbourn, C. C. (2011). Roles of superoxide and myeloperoxidase in ascorbate oxidation in stimulated neutrophils and H2O2-treated HL60 cells. Journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51(7): 1399-1405.
Peng, S. M., Shi, Z. H., Fei, Y., Gao, Q. X., Sun, P., & Wang, J. G. (2013). Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, tissue ascorbic acid concentrations and physiological response to transportation stress in juvenile silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(6): 1337-1341.
Perlberg, S. T., Diamant, A., Ofir, R., & Zilberg, D. (2008). Characterization of swim bladder non- inflation (SBN) in angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare (Schultz), and the effect ofexposure to methylene blue. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31(3): 215-228.
Putra, D. F., Fanni, M., Muchlisin, Z. A., & Muhammadar, A. A. (2016). Growth performance and survival rate of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) fed Daphnia sp. enriched with manure, coconut dregs flour and soybean meal. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation Bioflux, 9(5): 944-948.
Putra, A. K., Mumpuni, F. S., & Rosmawati. (2017). Pengaruh pemberian pakan alami yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup benih ikan maanvis (Pterophyllum scalare). Jurnal Mina Sains, 3(1): 30-38.
Ramadhani, R., Sofyatuddin, K., & Hasri, I. (2017). The effect of feeding D. magna enhanced with ascorbic acid on survival and growth rates of depik fry (Rasbora tawarensis). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah. 2(4): 454-463.
Rottmann, R. W., Graves, J. S., Watson, C. & Yanong, R. P. E. (2011). Culture techniques of moina: The ideal daphnia for feeding freshwater fish fry. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension, University of Florida.
Sediaoetama, A. D. (2010). Ilmu gizi. Jakarta: Gramedia Utama Pustaka.
Setiawati, J. E., Tarsim., Adiputra, Y. T., & Hudaidah, S. (2013). Pengaruh penambahan probiotik pada pakan dengan dosis berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan, kelulushidupan, efisiensi pakan dan retensi protein ikan patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus). E-Jurnal Rekayasa dan Teknologi Budidaya Perairan, 1(2): 151-162.
Setiawati, M., Sutajaya, R., & Suprayudi, M. A. (2008). Pengaruh perbedaan kadar protein dan rasio energi protein pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan fingerlings ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2): 171-178.
Sharma, D., Das, J., & Dutta, A. (2012). Effect of cetain feeds on growth and survival of ompok pabo (Hamilton-Buchanan hatchings in captive condition). Journal International of Scientific and Research Publications, 1(2): 1-5.
Sunarto., Suriansyah., & Sabariah. (2008). Pengaruh pemberian vitamin C ascorbic acid terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan respon imun ikan betook (Anabas testudineus Bloch). Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2): 151-157.
Tatangindatu, F., Kalesaran, O., & Rompas, R. (2013). Studi parameter fisiki kimia air pada area budidaya ikan di Danau Tondano, Desa Paleloan, Kabupaten Minahasa. Jurnal Budidaya Perairan, 1(2): 8-19.
Zhou, Q., Wang, L., Wang, H., Xie, F., & Wang, T. (2012). Effect of dietary vitamin C on the growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Fish and Shellfish Immunology ,32(6): 969-975.