Riparian Tree Vegetation Diversity Salah Nama Island in Banyuasin, South Sumatera

Mirna Dwirastina; Etty Riani; Agnes Puspita Sudarmo

doi:10.20473/jipk.v13i2.26476

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Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN

Issue Published : September 28, 2021

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April 22, 2021

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June 9, 2021

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September 28, 2021

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Marine Science Aquatic Diversity and Abundance

Riparian Tree Vegetation Diversity Salah Nama Island in Banyuasin, South Sumatera

https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i2.26476

Mirna Dwirastina

Researcher Institute Inland Fisheries and Extension. Indonesia

Etty Riani

Universitas terbuka and Institut Pertanian Bogor. Indonesia

Agnes Puspita Sudarmo

Universitas Terbuka. Indonesia

Corresponding Author(s) : Mirna Dwirastina

mirna.rastina@gmail.com

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Article Published : September 28, 2021

Abstract

Highlight Research:

Riparian plants play an important role in maintaining the balance of an aquatic ecosystem.
The diversity of riparian aquatic plants on the island of Salah Nama Banyuasin
Data collection on riparian plants used the quadratic transect method
The results showed that there were 21 types of riparian aquatic plants in 16 families.
The highest composition is in the Lythraceae family, namely Sonneratia acida

Abstract

Riparian plants play an important role in maintaining the balance of an aquatic ecosystem. The missing plant components from a water can cause sedimentation and change the microhabitat in these waters. The purpose of the study is to determine the diversity of riparian aquatic plants on the island of Salah Nama Banyuasin. The research was conducted in August 2016, November 2016, and January 2017 at Salah Nama Island Mariana Ilir Banyuasin 1, South Sumatra. Sampling was done by using the purposive sampling method. Determination of the sampling location used GPS (Global positioning system). Observation stations consisted of 5 sampling locations. The method of taking water plants was done in exploratory way. Data collection on riparian plants used the quadratic transect method measuring 1 m x 1 m. Samples of riparian plants were taken then wrapped with newspaper or paper and put into large plastic, labeled then taken to the testing laboratory Institute Inland fisheries and extension, Palembang. The results showed that there were 21 types of riparian aquatic plants in 16 families. The highest composition is in the Lythraceae family, namely Sonneratia acida. The diversity index of aquatic plants ranges from 1 <H'<3 in the stable condition category. Based on the results of the study, the riparian plant species that dominated the most were Sonneratia sp. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the diversity of riparian plants on the island of Salah Nama is in the medium category, the dominant riparian plants are Sonneratia sp.

Keywords

Vegetation Riparian Plant Salah Nama Island Banyuasin

Dwirastina, M., Riani, E., & Sudarmo, A. P. (2021). Riparian Tree Vegetation Diversity Salah Nama Island in Banyuasin, South Sumatera. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 13(2), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i2.26476

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References

Agustina, L., & Arisoesilaningsih, E. (2013). Variasi profil vegetasi pohon riparian di sekitar mata air dan saluran irigasi tersier di Kabupaten Malang. Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology, (3):85-89.
Anggana, A. F., & R. A. Ahmadi. (2018). Restorasi Sempadan Sungai P5 Melalui jenis Tanaman Lokal. Paper presented at Proceeding National Seminar of Geografi, University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia, IX:525-534.
Ainy, N. S., & Wardhana, W. (2018). Struktur vegetasi riparian sungai pesanggrahan Kelurahan Lebak Bulus Jakarta Selatan. BIOMA, 14(2):60–69.
Arsyad, S. (1989). Konservasi tanah dan air. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bann, C. (1998). The economic valuation of tropical forest land use option: a manual for research. Singapore: The economy and environment program for South East Asia (EEPSEA).
Bassem, S. M. (2020). Water pollution and aquatic biodiversity. Biodiversity International Journal, 4(1):10-16.
Bates, M. (1961). Man in nature. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Begon, M., Harper, J. L., & Townsend, C. R. (1990). Ecology: Individuals, Populations, and Communities (2nd ed.). Boston: Blackwell Scientific.
Bengen, D. G. (2002). Pengenalan dan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Bogor: Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bengen, D. G. (2001). Pedoman teknis pengenalan dan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Bogor: Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Brower, J., Zar, J., & Van Ende, C. (1990). Field and laboratory methods for general ecology (3rd Ed.). Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
Burnawi, & Subroto, G. (2011). Jenis tumbuhan air di suaka perikanan awang landas perairan Sungai Barito, Kalimantan Selatan. Buletin Teknik Litkayasa Sumber Daya dan Penangkapan, 9(1):35-40.
Corbacho, C., Sánchez, J. M., & Costillo, E. (2003). Patterns of structural complexity and human disturbance of riparian vegetation in agricultural landscapes of a Mediterranean area. Agriculture, Ecosystem & Environment, 95(2-3):495-507.
Dosskey, M. G., Vidon, P., Gurwick, N. P., Craig, J., Allan, Duval, T. P., & Lowrance, R. (2010). The role of riparian vegetation in protecting and improving chemical water quality in streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 46(2):261-277.
English, S. A., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. J. (1994). Survey manual for tropical marine resources. ASEAN-Australia Marine Science Project. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
Fachrul, M. F. (2007). Metode sampling bioekologi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Gosari, B. A. J., & Haris, A. (2012). Studi kerapatan dan penutupan jenis lamun di Kepulauan Spermonde. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, 22(3):156-162.
Gosselink, J. G., Bayley, S. E., Conner, W. H., & Turner, R. E. (1980). Ecological Factors in the Determination of Riparian Wetland Boundaries. In Clark, J. R., Benforado J. (Ed.), Wetlands of Bottomland Hardwood Forest. (pp. 197-219). New York: Elsevier.
Heartsill-Scalley, T., & Aide, T. M. (2003). Riparian vegetation and stream condition in a tropical agriculture-secondary forest mosaic. Ecological Application, 13(1):225-234.
Huffman, R. T., & Forsythe, S. W. (1981). Bottomland Hardwood Forest Communities and Their Relation to Anaerobis Conditions. In Clark, J. R., Benforado, J. (Ed.), Wetlands of Bottomland Hardwood Forest. (pp. 87-196). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.
Hughes, F. M. R. (1984). A comment on the impact of development schemes on the floodplain forests of the Tana River of Kenya. The Geographical Journal, 150(2):230-44.
Ifo, S. A., Moutsambote, J-M., Koubouana, F., Yoka, J., Ndzai, S.F., Bouetou-Kadilamio, L. N. O., Mampouya, H., Jourdain, C., Bocko, Y., Mantota, A. B., Mbemba, M., Mouanga-Sokath , D., Odende, R., Mondzali, L. R., Wenina, Y. E. M., Ouissika, B. C., & Joel, L. J. (2016). Tree species diversity, richness, and similarity in intact and degraded forest in the tropical rainforest of the Congo Basin: Case of the Forest of Likouala in the Republic of Congo. International Journal of Forestry Research, 1-12.
Ilhami, W. T., & A. Affandy. (2018). Upaya rehabilitasi DAS Citarum dengan desain lanskap (studi kasus: bantaran sungai Citarum Desa Bojongsoang, Bandung dan Desa Purwadana, Karawang). Jurnal Arsitektur Lansekap, 4(1):99-110.
Jackrel, S. L., & Wootton, J. T. (2015). Diversity of riparian plants among and within species shapes river communities. PLoS ONE, 10(11):e0142362.
Jäkäläniemi, A., Kauppi, A., Pramila, A., & Vähätaini, K. (2004). Survival strategies of Silene tatarica (Caryophyllaceae) in riparian and ruderal habitats. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82(4):491-502.
Junardi, I. T., Rafdinal & Linda, R. (2018). Komposisi dan struktur vegetasi riparian di kawasan taman wisata Gunung Poteng Singkawang Kalimantan Barat. Protobiont, 7(3):118-126.
Karno, R., & Mubarrak, J. (2018). Analsis Spasial (Ekologi) Pemanfaatan Daerah Aliran Sungai di Sungai Batang Lubuh Kecamatan Rambah Kabupaten Rokan Hulu. Jurnal Ilmiah Edu Research, 7(1).
Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup. (2004). Kriteria Baku Kerusakan dan Pedoman Penentuan Status Padang Lamun. 200:59-62.
Kocher, S. D., & Harris, R. (2007). Riparian vegetation. ANR Publication, (8240):1-7.
Konsorsium Revisi HCV Toolkit Indonesia. (2008). Panduan identifikasi kawasan bernilai konservasi tinggi di Indonesia. Jakarta.
Kusmana, C., Pradyatmika, P., Husin, Y. A., Shea, G., & Martindale, D. (2000). Mangrove litter-fall studies at The Ajkwa Estuary, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, .9(3):39-47.
Mackinnon, K. (1986). Alam asli Indonesia: flora, fauna, dan keserasian. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Maryono, A. (2005). Menangani banjir, kekeringan dan lingkungan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Marson. (2006). Jenis dan peranan Tumbuhan Air Bagi Perikanan di Perairan Lebak lebung. Bawal, 1(2):7-11.
Mitsch, W. J. & Gosselink, J. G. (1993). Wetlands (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Mligo, C. (2017). Diversity and distribution pattern of riparian plant species in the Wami River System, Tanzania. Journal of Plant Ecology, 10(2):259-270.
Mokoginta, M. M. (2016). Tree species diversity at the protected forest of mountain Masinggi, North Bolaang Mongondow, Indonesia. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 6(2):69–73.
Mulyadi, A. (2001). Permasalahan lingkungan vegetasi tepian Sungai Siak serta perannya sebagai indikator biologis dan green belt. Lingkungan & Pembangunan, 21(4):331-339.
Naiman, R., Decamps, H., & McClain, M. (2005). Riparia: ecology, conservation and management of streamside communities (1st Ed.). San Diego: Elsevier.
Paramitha, I. G. A. A. P., & Kurniawan, R. (2017). Komposisi tumbuhan air dan tumbuhan riparian di Danau Sentani, Provinsi Papua. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 2(2):33-34.
Parmadi, E. H., Dewiyanti, I., & Karina, S. (2016). Indeks nilai penting vegetasi mangrove di Kawasan Kuala IDI, Kabupaten Aceh Timur. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 1(10):82-95.
Puspitaningrum, M., Izzati, M., & Haryanti, S. (2012). Produksi dan konsumsi oksigen terlarut oleh beberapa tumbuhan air. Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi, 12(1):47-55.
Riswandi, A. O., W. R. Melani., & R. D. Putra. (2016). Kajian Tutupan Lamun Berdasarkan Jenis Substrat di Perairan Desa Sebong Perek Kecamatan teluk Sebong. Tanjung Pinang: Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji.
Salemi, L. P., Groppo, J. D., Trevisan, R., Moraes, J. M., Lima, W. P., & Martinelli, L. A. (2012). Riparian vegetation and water yield: a synthesis. Journal of Hydrology, 454:195-202.
Sakio, H. (2008). Features of Riparian Forests in Japan. In Sakio, H., & Tamura, T. (Eds.), Ecology of riparian forest in Japan: disturbance, life history, and regeneration. Japan: Springer.
SEPA. (2009). Engineering in the water environment good practice guide (1st Ed.). pp. 1-47.
Siahaan, R. (2004). Pentingnya mempertahankan vegetasi riparian. Makalah Pengantar Falsafah Sains. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Steenis, CGGJ van. (1981). Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita.
Suhendang, E. (2002). Pengantar ilmu kehutanan. Bogor: Yayasan Penerbit Fakultas Kehutanan.
Sutiyanti, Juanda, & S. S. Saguni. (2019). Representasi Kerusakan Lingkungan Di Indonesia dalam Puisi Media daring Indonesia.
Tjitrosoepomo, G. (1985). Morfologi tumbuhan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Tomlinson, P. B. (1986). The botany of mangroves. (1st Ed). Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
Tuheteru, F. D., & Mahfudz. (2012). Ekologi, manfaat dan rehabilitasi, hutan pantai Indonesia. Manado: Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Manado.
Vallari, L. A., Chapin, D. M., & Jones, J. E. (2009) Riparian forest structure and succession in second growth stands of central Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(5):1375-85.
Waryono, T. (2002). Bentuk struktur dan lingkungan bio-fisik sungai. Seminar dan Konggres Geografi Nasional. Bandung: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Widiyanto, A., & A. Hani. (2018). Pola dan evaluasi Penggunaan Lahan di Semadan Sungai Cinangka, Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai Cimanuk Hulu. Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan daerah Aliran Sungai, 2(1):61-72.
Wiriadinata, H., & Setyowati, F. M. (2008). Tumbuhan riparian untuk danau, situ dan rawa di Jabodetabek. Laporan Penelitian, pp. 387-396.
WSROC (Western Sydney Regional Organization of Council). (2004). Aquatic elative health of riparian vegetation monitoring.

References

Agustina, L., & Arisoesilaningsih, E. (2013). Variasi profil vegetasi pohon riparian di sekitar mata air dan saluran irigasi tersier di Kabupaten Malang. Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology, (3):85-89.

Anggana, A. F., & R. A. Ahmadi. (2018). Restorasi Sempadan Sungai P5 Melalui jenis Tanaman Lokal. Paper presented at Proceeding National Seminar of Geografi, University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia, IX:525-534.

Ainy, N. S., & Wardhana, W. (2018). Struktur vegetasi riparian sungai pesanggrahan Kelurahan Lebak Bulus Jakarta Selatan. BIOMA, 14(2):60–69.

Arsyad, S. (1989). Konservasi tanah dan air. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Bann, C. (1998). The economic valuation of tropical forest land use option: a manual for research. Singapore: The economy and environment program for South East Asia (EEPSEA).

Bassem, S. M. (2020). Water pollution and aquatic biodiversity. Biodiversity International Journal, 4(1):10-16.

Bates, M. (1961). Man in nature. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Begon, M., Harper, J. L., & Townsend, C. R. (1990). Ecology: Individuals, Populations, and Communities (2nd ed.). Boston: Blackwell Scientific.

Bengen, D. G. (2002). Pengenalan dan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Bogor: Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Bengen, D. G. (2001). Pedoman teknis pengenalan dan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Bogor: Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Brower, J., Zar, J., & Van Ende, C. (1990). Field and laboratory methods for general ecology (3rd Ed.). Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

Burnawi, & Subroto, G. (2011). Jenis tumbuhan air di suaka perikanan awang landas perairan Sungai Barito, Kalimantan Selatan. Buletin Teknik Litkayasa Sumber Daya dan Penangkapan, 9(1):35-40.

Corbacho, C., Sánchez, J. M., & Costillo, E. (2003). Patterns of structural complexity and human disturbance of riparian vegetation in agricultural landscapes of a Mediterranean area. Agriculture, Ecosystem & Environment, 95(2-3):495-507.

Dosskey, M. G., Vidon, P., Gurwick, N. P., Craig, J., Allan, Duval, T. P., & Lowrance, R. (2010). The role of riparian vegetation in protecting and improving chemical water quality in streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 46(2):261-277.

English, S. A., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. J. (1994). Survey manual for tropical marine resources. ASEAN-Australia Marine Science Project. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.

Fachrul, M. F. (2007). Metode sampling bioekologi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

Gosari, B. A. J., & Haris, A. (2012). Studi kerapatan dan penutupan jenis lamun di Kepulauan Spermonde. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, 22(3):156-162.

Gosselink, J. G., Bayley, S. E., Conner, W. H., & Turner, R. E. (1980). Ecological Factors in the Determination of Riparian Wetland Boundaries. In Clark, J. R., Benforado J. (Ed.), Wetlands of Bottomland Hardwood Forest. (pp. 197-219). New York: Elsevier.

Heartsill-Scalley, T., & Aide, T. M. (2003). Riparian vegetation and stream condition in a tropical agriculture-secondary forest mosaic. Ecological Application, 13(1):225-234.

Huffman, R. T., & Forsythe, S. W. (1981). Bottomland Hardwood Forest Communities and Their Relation to Anaerobis Conditions. In Clark, J. R., Benforado, J. (Ed.), Wetlands of Bottomland Hardwood Forest. (pp. 87-196). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.

Hughes, F. M. R. (1984). A comment on the impact of development schemes on the floodplain forests of the Tana River of Kenya. The Geographical Journal, 150(2):230-44.

Ifo, S. A., Moutsambote, J-M., Koubouana, F., Yoka, J., Ndzai, S.F., Bouetou-Kadilamio, L. N. O., Mampouya, H., Jourdain, C., Bocko, Y., Mantota, A. B., Mbemba, M., Mouanga-Sokath , D., Odende, R., Mondzali, L. R., Wenina, Y. E. M., Ouissika, B. C., & Joel, L. J. (2016). Tree species diversity, richness, and similarity in intact and degraded forest in the tropical rainforest of the Congo Basin: Case of the Forest of Likouala in the Republic of Congo. International Journal of Forestry Research, 1-12.

Ilhami, W. T., & A. Affandy. (2018). Upaya rehabilitasi DAS Citarum dengan desain lanskap (studi kasus: bantaran sungai Citarum Desa Bojongsoang, Bandung dan Desa Purwadana, Karawang). Jurnal Arsitektur Lansekap, 4(1):99-110.

Jackrel, S. L., & Wootton, J. T. (2015). Diversity of riparian plants among and within species shapes river communities. PLoS ONE, 10(11):e0142362.

Jäkäläniemi, A., Kauppi, A., Pramila, A., & Vähätaini, K. (2004). Survival strategies of Silene tatarica (Caryophyllaceae) in riparian and ruderal habitats. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82(4):491-502.

Junardi, I. T., Rafdinal & Linda, R. (2018). Komposisi dan struktur vegetasi riparian di kawasan taman wisata Gunung Poteng Singkawang Kalimantan Barat. Protobiont, 7(3):118-126.

Karno, R., & Mubarrak, J. (2018). Analsis Spasial (Ekologi) Pemanfaatan Daerah Aliran Sungai di Sungai Batang Lubuh Kecamatan Rambah Kabupaten Rokan Hulu. Jurnal Ilmiah Edu Research, 7(1).

Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup. (2004). Kriteria Baku Kerusakan dan Pedoman Penentuan Status Padang Lamun. 200:59-62.

Kocher, S. D., & Harris, R. (2007). Riparian vegetation. ANR Publication, (8240):1-7.

Konsorsium Revisi HCV Toolkit Indonesia. (2008). Panduan identifikasi kawasan bernilai konservasi tinggi di Indonesia. Jakarta.

Kusmana, C., Pradyatmika, P., Husin, Y. A., Shea, G., & Martindale, D. (2000). Mangrove litter-fall studies at The Ajkwa Estuary, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, .9(3):39-47.

Mackinnon, K. (1986). Alam asli Indonesia: flora, fauna, dan keserasian. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Maryono, A. (2005). Menangani banjir, kekeringan dan lingkungan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Marson. (2006). Jenis dan peranan Tumbuhan Air Bagi Perikanan di Perairan Lebak lebung. Bawal, 1(2):7-11.

Mitsch, W. J. & Gosselink, J. G. (1993). Wetlands (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Mligo, C. (2017). Diversity and distribution pattern of riparian plant species in the Wami River System, Tanzania. Journal of Plant Ecology, 10(2):259-270.

Mokoginta, M. M. (2016). Tree species diversity at the protected forest of mountain Masinggi, North Bolaang Mongondow, Indonesia. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 6(2):69–73.

Mulyadi, A. (2001). Permasalahan lingkungan vegetasi tepian Sungai Siak serta perannya sebagai indikator biologis dan green belt. Lingkungan & Pembangunan, 21(4):331-339.

Naiman, R., Decamps, H., & McClain, M. (2005). Riparia: ecology, conservation and management of streamside communities (1st Ed.). San Diego: Elsevier.

Paramitha, I. G. A. A. P., & Kurniawan, R. (2017). Komposisi tumbuhan air dan tumbuhan riparian di Danau Sentani, Provinsi Papua. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 2(2):33-34.

Parmadi, E. H., Dewiyanti, I., & Karina, S. (2016). Indeks nilai penting vegetasi mangrove di Kawasan Kuala IDI, Kabupaten Aceh Timur. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 1(10):82-95.

Puspitaningrum, M., Izzati, M., & Haryanti, S. (2012). Produksi dan konsumsi oksigen terlarut oleh beberapa tumbuhan air. Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi, 12(1):47-55.

Riswandi, A. O., W. R. Melani., & R. D. Putra. (2016). Kajian Tutupan Lamun Berdasarkan Jenis Substrat di Perairan Desa Sebong Perek Kecamatan teluk Sebong. Tanjung Pinang: Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji.

Salemi, L. P., Groppo, J. D., Trevisan, R., Moraes, J. M., Lima, W. P., & Martinelli, L. A. (2012). Riparian vegetation and water yield: a synthesis. Journal of Hydrology, 454:195-202.

Sakio, H. (2008). Features of Riparian Forests in Japan. In Sakio, H., & Tamura, T. (Eds.), Ecology of riparian forest in Japan: disturbance, life history, and regeneration. Japan: Springer.

SEPA. (2009). Engineering in the water environment good practice guide (1st Ed.). pp. 1-47.

Siahaan, R. (2004). Pentingnya mempertahankan vegetasi riparian. Makalah Pengantar Falsafah Sains. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Steenis, CGGJ van. (1981). Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita.

Suhendang, E. (2002). Pengantar ilmu kehutanan. Bogor: Yayasan Penerbit Fakultas Kehutanan.

Sutiyanti, Juanda, & S. S. Saguni. (2019). Representasi Kerusakan Lingkungan Di Indonesia dalam Puisi Media daring Indonesia.

Tjitrosoepomo, G. (1985). Morfologi tumbuhan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Tomlinson, P. B. (1986). The botany of mangroves. (1st Ed). Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

Tuheteru, F. D., & Mahfudz. (2012). Ekologi, manfaat dan rehabilitasi, hutan pantai Indonesia. Manado: Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Manado.

Vallari, L. A., Chapin, D. M., & Jones, J. E. (2009) Riparian forest structure and succession in second growth stands of central Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(5):1375-85.

Waryono, T. (2002). Bentuk struktur dan lingkungan bio-fisik sungai. Seminar dan Konggres Geografi Nasional. Bandung: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Widiyanto, A., & A. Hani. (2018). Pola dan evaluasi Penggunaan Lahan di Semadan Sungai Cinangka, Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai Cimanuk Hulu. Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan daerah Aliran Sungai, 2(1):61-72.

Wiriadinata, H., & Setyowati, F. M. (2008). Tumbuhan riparian untuk danau, situ dan rawa di Jabodetabek. Laporan Penelitian, pp. 387-396.

WSROC (Western Sydney Regional Organization of Council). (2004). Aquatic elative health of riparian vegetation monitoring.

Author biographies is not available.

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