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Social Structure Analysis in Management of South Sumatra Inland Waters
Corresponding Author(s) : Fevi Rahma Dwi Putri
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan,
Vol. 16 No. 1 (2024): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Abstract
The social structure of inland fisheries communities tends to place powerful elites in important positions, while local fishermen are subordinate actors. Patronage is a form of social relationship that describes the unequal social structure between these actors. This research aimed to analyze social structure in the inland waters of South Sumatra in the practice of the Lebak Lebung and River Auction (L3S) in OKI District. To achieve this goal, a constructivist paradigm with qualitative research methods was employed, and the sample comprised 39 informants selected as subjects. The data analysis was conducted in three distinct stages, namely data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the regulation of open access for all parties in the local government regime after 1982 created an institutionalized social relations structure where the government, investors, traders, middlemen, and non-fishing actors dominated compared to the fishermen. The participants in this social landscape strived to accumulate capital to enhance their competitiveness within the L3S domain. A patronage system was implemented with middlemen assuming the role of patron and the fishermen acting as their clients. The current institutional social structure has created an unfair distribution of resource benefits for fishing workers. The novelty theories were found in the working relations of the inland waters community of South Sumatra, namely stratified distribution of rights, dual status, multi-stage patronage, and the positive function of patronage for chief fisherman. Further research should be conducted to research policy revitalization and develop strategic inland water management models.
Highlight Research
The author mentioned 3 highlights from their results research:
- Auction system in inland waters in South Sumatra presents an unfair distribution for fishermen.
- Structure of the working relationship formed is an asymmetric patron-client relationship but with novel theories such as the stratified distribution of rights model, dual status, multi-stage patronage, and the positive function of patronage.
- An imbalance in local access to auction objects due to their weak ability to accumulate capital.
Keywords
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- Anderson Jr., J. C. (2013). Architech and patron. In R. B. Ulrich and C. K. Quenemoen (Ed.), Companion to Roman architecture (1st ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Arthur, R., Skerritt Daniel, J., Schuhbauer, A., Ebrahim, N., Friend Richard, M., & Sumaila U, R. (2021). Small-scale fisheries and local food systems: transformations, threats and opportunities. Fish And Fisheries, Wiley, 23:1009-124.
- Bartley, D. M., Graaf, G. J. D., Lorgensen, V., & Marmulla, G. (2015). Inland capture fisheries: status and data issues. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 22(1):71-77.
- Bourdieu, P. 2010. Arena produksi kultural sebuah kajian sosiologi budaya. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.
- Blau, P. M. (1977). A Macrosociological theory of social structure. The American Journal of Sociology, 83(1):26-54.
- Cresswell, J. W. (2018). Research design, quantitative and qualitative approaches. California: Saga Publications.
- Diamond, A. (2021). Pork Belly Politics: The Moral and Instrumental Reasons Clients Donate to Patrons in a Rural Colombian Mayoral Election. Qualitative Sociology, 44:151–173.
- Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- FAO. (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- Firth, R., & Yamey, B. S. (2013). Capital, saving, and credit in peasant societies. London: Routledge.
- Granovetter, M. (1992). Economic action and social structure. In M. Granovetter (Ed.), The sociology of economic life. Oxford: Westview Press.
- Gratham, R., & Rudd, M. (2015). Current status and future needs of economics research of inland fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 22(6):458–471.
- Hoggarth, D. D., Thomas, M. A., Sarnita, A. S., & Ondara. (1997). Fisheries dynamics of modified floodplains in Southern Asia sub-project 5: management of Indonesian river fisheries. Fisheries Management Science Programme, London, UK, 242pp.
- Horgan, M. (2018). Durkheim, development and the devil: A cultural sociology of community conflict. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 39(4):741–764.
- Kartamihardja, E. S. (2015). Fish stock enhancement and restocking of the inland waters of Indonesia: Lessons learned. Fish for the People, 13(3):25–32.
- Kinseng, R. A. (2014). Konflik nelayan. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
- Kinseng, R. A. (2021). Socio-cultural change and conflict in the coastal and small island community in Indonesia. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 9(1):1–17.
- Kitschelt, H., & Wilkinson, S. I. (2007). Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Legg, K. R. (1983). Tuan, hamba dan politik. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
- McWilliam, A. R., Wianti, N. I., & Taufik, Y. (2020). Poverty and prosperity among Sama Bajo fishing communities (Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia). Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 42(1):132–148.
- Ma'ruf, I., Kamal, M. M., Satria, A., & Sulistiono. (2019). Culture-based fisheries in rawa lebak lebung, South Sumatera, is it applicable?. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 399: 012064.
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. London: Sage Publication.
- Migdal, J. S. (2004). State in society: studying how states and societies transform and constitute one another. Journal of Politics, 66(2):651–653.
- Mirajiani. (2015). Social security system masyarakat nelayan (kasus masyarakat nelayan Ujung Kulon, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten). Dissertation. Bogor: IPB University.
- Muslim. (2012). Perikanan rawa lebak lebung Sumatera Selatan. Palembang: Unsri Press.
- Muslimin, B. & Suadi. (2018). Challenges in managing freshwater fishery resource through lebak lebung Auction approach: a case study in Pangkalan Lampam District Ogan Komering Ilir District. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental and Science, 139(012032).
- Nasution, Z., Sumarti, T., Adiwibowo, S., & Tjondronegoro, S. M. P. (2012). Kelembagaan pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan "lelang lebak lebung” dan kemiskinan masyarakat nelayan (Case study di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir, Sumatera Selatan). Disertation. Bogor: IPB University.
- Nurlia, A., Purnama, D. H., & Kadir, S. (2021). Household livelihood strategy based on capital assets in fire-prone areas, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. 2021. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(1)45–63.
- Pierre, B., & Chartier, R. (2015). The sociologist and the historian. New York: Polity Press.
- Polanyi, K. (1992). The economy as instituted process. In M. Granovetter and R. Swedberg (Ed.), The sociology of economic life. Oxford: Westview Press.
- Putri, F. R. D. (2023). Dynamics of social institutions for management of inland public water resources (The Lebak Lebung dan sungai (L3s) auction case, in Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatera). Disertation. Bogor: IPB University.
- Schlager, E., & Ostrom, E. (1996). Property-right regimes and natural resources. Land Economics. 68(3):249–262.
- Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for Analysis.
- Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-client politics and political change in southeast asia. The American Political Science Review, 66(1):91–113.
- Scott, J. C. (1993). Perlawanan kaum tani. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
- Stacey, N., Gibson, E., Loneragan Neil, R., Warrem, C., Wiryawan, B., Adhuri Dedi, S., Steenbergen Dirk, J., Fitriana, R. (2021). Developing sustainable small-scale fisheries livelihoods in Indonesia: Trends, enabling and constraining factors, and future opportunities. Marine Policy, 132.
- Thiel, D. (2022). ‘It isn't charity because we've paid into it': Social citizenship and the moral economy of welfare recipients in the wake of 2012 UK Welfare Reform Act. Qualitative Sociology, 45:291–318.
- Rezeky, S. M., Pandjaitan, N. K., & Sjaf, S. (2019) Akses dan Reselensi Komunitas dalam pengelolaan rawa lebak). Thesis. Bogor: IPB University.
- Reuter, T. (2018). Understanding food system resilience in Bali, Indonesia: A moral economy approach. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 41(1):4–14.
- Vetemaa, M., Eero, M., & Hannesson, R. (2005). Fishing rights auctions in the fisheries of Lake Peipsi-Pihkva, Estonia. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 12(5):309-313.
- WWF. (2018). Living Planet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher. Gland (Switzerland): World Wildlife Foundation.
- Yanti, B. V. I., & Muthmainnah, D. (2021). Impact of auction system for swamps on sustainability of fishery resources: A case in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 19(1):34–38.
- Yanti, E. A., Satria, A., & Sugihen, B. G. (2015). The managing of institutional auction of lebak lebung and fisherman behavior in Muara Enim regency Sumatra Selatan Province. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 11(2):159–175.
- Yonvitner, Boer, M., & Ardelia, V. (2020). A multi-criteria approach and sustainability index as a consideration on torpedo scad fisheries management in Sunda strait. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 12(1)48–58.
- Zadereev, E., Lipka, O., Karimov, B., Krylenko, M., Elias, V., Pinto, I. S., Alizade, V., Anker, Y., Feest, A., Kuznetsova, D., Mader, A., Salimov, R., & Fisher, M. (2020). Overview of past, current, and future ecosystem and biodiversity trends of inland saline lakes of Europe and Central Asia. Inland Waters, 10(4):438–452.
References
Anderson Jr., J. C. (2013). Architech and patron. In R. B. Ulrich and C. K. Quenemoen (Ed.), Companion to Roman architecture (1st ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Arthur, R., Skerritt Daniel, J., Schuhbauer, A., Ebrahim, N., Friend Richard, M., & Sumaila U, R. (2021). Small-scale fisheries and local food systems: transformations, threats and opportunities. Fish And Fisheries, Wiley, 23:1009-124.
Bartley, D. M., Graaf, G. J. D., Lorgensen, V., & Marmulla, G. (2015). Inland capture fisheries: status and data issues. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 22(1):71-77.
Bourdieu, P. 2010. Arena produksi kultural sebuah kajian sosiologi budaya. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.
Blau, P. M. (1977). A Macrosociological theory of social structure. The American Journal of Sociology, 83(1):26-54.
Cresswell, J. W. (2018). Research design, quantitative and qualitative approaches. California: Saga Publications.
Diamond, A. (2021). Pork Belly Politics: The Moral and Instrumental Reasons Clients Donate to Patrons in a Rural Colombian Mayoral Election. Qualitative Sociology, 44:151–173.
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
FAO. (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Firth, R., & Yamey, B. S. (2013). Capital, saving, and credit in peasant societies. London: Routledge.
Granovetter, M. (1992). Economic action and social structure. In M. Granovetter (Ed.), The sociology of economic life. Oxford: Westview Press.
Gratham, R., & Rudd, M. (2015). Current status and future needs of economics research of inland fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 22(6):458–471.
Hoggarth, D. D., Thomas, M. A., Sarnita, A. S., & Ondara. (1997). Fisheries dynamics of modified floodplains in Southern Asia sub-project 5: management of Indonesian river fisheries. Fisheries Management Science Programme, London, UK, 242pp.
Horgan, M. (2018). Durkheim, development and the devil: A cultural sociology of community conflict. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 39(4):741–764.
Kartamihardja, E. S. (2015). Fish stock enhancement and restocking of the inland waters of Indonesia: Lessons learned. Fish for the People, 13(3):25–32.
Kinseng, R. A. (2014). Konflik nelayan. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Kinseng, R. A. (2021). Socio-cultural change and conflict in the coastal and small island community in Indonesia. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 9(1):1–17.
Kitschelt, H., & Wilkinson, S. I. (2007). Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Legg, K. R. (1983). Tuan, hamba dan politik. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
McWilliam, A. R., Wianti, N. I., & Taufik, Y. (2020). Poverty and prosperity among Sama Bajo fishing communities (Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia). Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 42(1):132–148.
Ma'ruf, I., Kamal, M. M., Satria, A., & Sulistiono. (2019). Culture-based fisheries in rawa lebak lebung, South Sumatera, is it applicable?. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 399: 012064.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. London: Sage Publication.
Migdal, J. S. (2004). State in society: studying how states and societies transform and constitute one another. Journal of Politics, 66(2):651–653.
Mirajiani. (2015). Social security system masyarakat nelayan (kasus masyarakat nelayan Ujung Kulon, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten). Dissertation. Bogor: IPB University.
Muslim. (2012). Perikanan rawa lebak lebung Sumatera Selatan. Palembang: Unsri Press.
Muslimin, B. & Suadi. (2018). Challenges in managing freshwater fishery resource through lebak lebung Auction approach: a case study in Pangkalan Lampam District Ogan Komering Ilir District. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental and Science, 139(012032).
Nasution, Z., Sumarti, T., Adiwibowo, S., & Tjondronegoro, S. M. P. (2012). Kelembagaan pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan "lelang lebak lebung” dan kemiskinan masyarakat nelayan (Case study di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir, Sumatera Selatan). Disertation. Bogor: IPB University.
Nurlia, A., Purnama, D. H., & Kadir, S. (2021). Household livelihood strategy based on capital assets in fire-prone areas, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. 2021. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(1)45–63.
Pierre, B., & Chartier, R. (2015). The sociologist and the historian. New York: Polity Press.
Polanyi, K. (1992). The economy as instituted process. In M. Granovetter and R. Swedberg (Ed.), The sociology of economic life. Oxford: Westview Press.
Putri, F. R. D. (2023). Dynamics of social institutions for management of inland public water resources (The Lebak Lebung dan sungai (L3s) auction case, in Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatera). Disertation. Bogor: IPB University.
Schlager, E., & Ostrom, E. (1996). Property-right regimes and natural resources. Land Economics. 68(3):249–262.
Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for Analysis.
Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-client politics and political change in southeast asia. The American Political Science Review, 66(1):91–113.
Scott, J. C. (1993). Perlawanan kaum tani. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Stacey, N., Gibson, E., Loneragan Neil, R., Warrem, C., Wiryawan, B., Adhuri Dedi, S., Steenbergen Dirk, J., Fitriana, R. (2021). Developing sustainable small-scale fisheries livelihoods in Indonesia: Trends, enabling and constraining factors, and future opportunities. Marine Policy, 132.
Thiel, D. (2022). ‘It isn't charity because we've paid into it': Social citizenship and the moral economy of welfare recipients in the wake of 2012 UK Welfare Reform Act. Qualitative Sociology, 45:291–318.
Rezeky, S. M., Pandjaitan, N. K., & Sjaf, S. (2019) Akses dan Reselensi Komunitas dalam pengelolaan rawa lebak). Thesis. Bogor: IPB University.
Reuter, T. (2018). Understanding food system resilience in Bali, Indonesia: A moral economy approach. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 41(1):4–14.
Vetemaa, M., Eero, M., & Hannesson, R. (2005). Fishing rights auctions in the fisheries of Lake Peipsi-Pihkva, Estonia. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 12(5):309-313.
WWF. (2018). Living Planet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher. Gland (Switzerland): World Wildlife Foundation.
Yanti, B. V. I., & Muthmainnah, D. (2021). Impact of auction system for swamps on sustainability of fishery resources: A case in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 19(1):34–38.
Yanti, E. A., Satria, A., & Sugihen, B. G. (2015). The managing of institutional auction of lebak lebung and fisherman behavior in Muara Enim regency Sumatra Selatan Province. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 11(2):159–175.
Yonvitner, Boer, M., & Ardelia, V. (2020). A multi-criteria approach and sustainability index as a consideration on torpedo scad fisheries management in Sunda strait. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 12(1)48–58.
Zadereev, E., Lipka, O., Karimov, B., Krylenko, M., Elias, V., Pinto, I. S., Alizade, V., Anker, Y., Feest, A., Kuznetsova, D., Mader, A., Salimov, R., & Fisher, M. (2020). Overview of past, current, and future ecosystem and biodiversity trends of inland saline lakes of Europe and Central Asia. Inland Waters, 10(4):438–452.