Issue

2024: IN PRESS ISSUE (JUST ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT, 2024)

Date Log

Submitted
April 19, 2024
Accepted
July 24, 2024
Published
September 6, 2024

Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

1. Copyright of the article is transferred to the journal, by the knowledge of the author, whilst the moral right of the publication belongs to the author.

2. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Atribusi-Non Commercial-Share alike (CC BY-NC-SA),  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

3. The articles published in the journal are open access and can be used for non-commercial purposes. Other than the aims mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation

 

The manuscript authentic and copyright statement submission can be downloaded ON THIS FORM. 

Fish Diseases

Effects of the Combination of Honey and Euphorbia hirta on Controlling Aeromonas hydrophila in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.vi.56814
Yuliana Salosso
Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-9649
Andi Taufika Rahma
Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Fishery Product Safety Station, Kupang, 85228. Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8337-9561
Asriati Djonu
Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-9690
Immaria Fransira
Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-0585

Corresponding Author(s) : Yuliana Salosso

yulianasalosso@staf.undana.ac.id

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 2024: IN PRESS ISSUE (JUST ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT, 2024)

Abstract

Graphical Abstract



Research Highlights



  1. The combination of honey and hirta improved hematological parameters of C. gariepinus catfish infected with A. hydrophila bacteria.

  2. The combination of honey and hirta positive affected the histopathology of liver, kidneys, and gills, which led to a restoration of organ function to normal levels.

  3. The combination of honey and hirta also improved the morphology of C. gariepinus.

  4. The most effective combination of honey and hirta was treatment C (1:2).


Abstract


Honey and Euphorbia hirta are natural ingredients that may serve as alternative treatments for Clarias gariepinus catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Both honey and E. hirta contain bioactive compounds with known antibacterial properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of combining honey and E. hirta on various hematological parameters, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, MCH, MCV, as well as histopathological and morphological changes in C. gariepinus catfish infected with A. hydrophila. This study used an experimental design involving three treatment combinations of honey and E. hirta, which were A (2:1), B (1:1), C (1:2) and a control with three replications. The treatments were administered to the fish through immersion. Honey was diluted at a 50% concentration in distilled water. Meanwhile, E. hirta was prepared as a coarse powder and boiled at a 3% concentration. The results showed that the combination of honey and E. hirta affected the hematological, histopathological, and morphological parameters of C. gariepinus catfish within the normal ranges. The most effective treatment was found to be treatment C (1:2). Therefore, the combination of honey and E. hirta is potential as a therapeutic option for bacterial infections in fish.


 

Keywords

HoneyEuphorbia hirtaAeromonas hydrophilaClarias gariepinus
Salosso, Y., Rahma, A. T. ., Djonu, A., & Fransira, I. . (2024). Effects of the Combination of Honey and Euphorbia hirta on Controlling Aeromonas hydrophila in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.vi.56814
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A’Yunin, Q., Budianto, B., Andayani, S., & Yuwanita, R. (2020). Histopathological analysis of Pangasius sp. infected by Edwardsiella tarda causes Edwardsiellosis disease. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 441(1):1-6.
  2. Abd-Allah, O. A., Aly, S. M., El-Rahman, H. G., Youssef, F. M. A., & Ahmed, F. K. (2019). Effect of some immunostimulants on clinicopathological findings of African catfish Clarias gariepinus infected with Motile Aeromonas Septicemia. EC Veterinary Science, 4(7):498-510.
  3. Adah, D. A., Saidu, L., Oniye, S. J., Kazeem, H. M., & Adah, S. A. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors associated with Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Clarias gariepinus and pond water from fish farms in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 14(3):477-484.
  4. Afolabi, O. J., Oladele, O. O., & Olususi, F. C. (2020). Assessment of bacterial loads of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Obtained from cultured and natural habitats. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 81(1):3-7.
  5. Ahmad, W., Singh, S., & Kumar, S. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial study of Euphorbia hirta extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(2):183-186.
  6. Aisiah, S., Prajitno, A., Maftuch, M., & Yuniarti, A. (2020). Effect of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) steud. leaf extract on hematological and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of striped catfish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Veterinary World, 13(1):47-53.
  7. Al-Sayaghi, A. M., Al-Kabsi, A. M., Abduh, M. S., Saghir, S. A. M., & Alshawsh, M. A. (2022). Antibacterial mechanism of action of two types of honey against Escherichia coli through interfering with bacterial membrane permeability, inhibiting proteins, and inducing bacterial DNA damage. Antibiotics, 11(9):1-12.
  8. Al-Zahaby, M. A., Shalaby, A. M., Abd-El-Rahman, G. F., & Ayyat, M. S. A. (2017). Impact of water quality on the blood parameters of Nile tilapia in different fish farms. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, 44(2):571-581.
  9. Aldulaimi, O. A. (2017). General overview of phenolics from plant to laboratory, Good Antibacterials or Not. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22):123-127.
  10. Aliza, D., Sutriana, A., Nazaruddin, N., Armansyah, T., Etriwati, E., Hanafiah, M., Hafizuddin, H., Hasan, D. I., Awaluddin, A., & Ulfa, B. (2021). Histopathological changes in the gills of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to mercury chloride (HgCl2). Advances in Biological Sciences Research, 12(1):74-80.
  11. Almasaudi, S. (2021). The antibacterial activities of honey. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(4):2188-2196.
  12. Aly, S. M., Khalil, W. F., & Ghaleb, S. M. (2020). Histopathological and hematological studies on the effect of cephalosporin in treatment of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal, 25(1):115-128.
  13. Andleeb, S., Tahir, M., Khalid, M., Awan, U. A., Riaz, N., & Ali, S. (2014). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of traditional herbs and honey against fish associated bacterial pathogens. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46(4):933-940.
  14. Andriani, Y., Pratama, R. I., & Zidni, I. (2023). Artificial spawning techniques for catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at the cultivated fisheries production business service center, Karawang, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology, 6(4):134-148.
  15. Andriyono, S., Patmawati, P., Amin, M., Syarif, A. F., & Hudatwi, M. (2022). Improvement of catfish (Clarias sp.) production on limited land in Bukit Dempo Village, Belinyu. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health, 11(2):145-152.
  16. Avrilia, D., Suprapto, H., & Rahardja, B. S. (2022). Evaluation of histopathological changes in cantang groupers’ brain and gill infected with Streptococcus iniae. World’s Veterinary Journal, 12(1):87-94.
  17. Balázs, V. L., Nagy-Radványi, L., Bencsik-Kerekes, E., Koloh, R., Szabó, D., Kocsis, B., Kocsis, M., & Farkas, Á. (2023). Antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of unifloral honeys against bacteria isolated from chronic wound infections. Microorganisms, 11(2):1-16.
  18. Bariyyah, S. K., Prajitno, A., & Yuniarti, A. (2019). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Flower extract against Aeromonas hydrophila. The Journal of Experimental Life Science, 9(2):65-69.
  19. Caruso, D., Lusiastuti, A. M., Taukhid, T., Avarre, J. C., Yuhana, M., & Sarter, S. (2017). Ethnobotanical uses and antimicrobial properties of plants in small-scale tropical fish farms: The case of indonesian fish farmers in Java (Indonesia). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 48(1):83-92.
  20. Chen, F., Sun, J., Han, Z., Yang, X., Xian, J. A. A., Lv, A., Hu, X., & Shi, H. (2019). Isolation, identification and characteristics of Aeromonas veronii from diseased crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(2):1-10.
  21. Cushnie, T. P. T., Cushnie, B., & Lamb, A. J. (2014). Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 44(5):377-386.
  22. Da Cunha, Y. V. Y., Salosso, Y., & Liufeto, F. C. (2020). Exploration of antibacterial activity of forest honey from Timor Island Against Vibrio algynoliticus Bacteria In Vitro. Jurnal Akuatik, 3(2):79-85.
  23. Dane, H., & Şişman, T. (2017). A histopathological study on the freshwater fish species chub (Squalius cephalus) in the Karasu River, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41(1):1-11.
  24. Dangeubun, J. L., & Metungun, J. (2017). Hematology of Vibrio alginolyticus-infected humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis, Under Treatment of Alstonia acuminata shoot extract. AACL Bioflux, 10(2):274-284.
  25. Dao, N. L. A., Phu, T. M., Douny, C., Quetin-Leclercq, J., Hue, B. T. B., Bach, L. T., Quynh Nhu, T., Thi Bich Hang, B., Thi Thanh Huong, D., Thanh Phuong, N., Kestemont, P., & Scippo, M. L. (2020). Screening and comparative study of in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of selected vietnamese plants. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1):481-496.
  26. Das, S., Patra, A., Mandal, A., Mondal, N. S., Dey, S., Kole, D., Mondal, A. K., & Ghosh, A. R. (2021). Study on impacts of direct supplementation of choline into semi-intensive fish culture system based on haematopoietic alterations. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9(1):1-13.
  27. Dawan, G., Salosso, Y., & Jasmanindar, Y. (2021). The effect of using patikan kerbau (Euphorbia hirta) leaves extract in the prevention and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophilla bacteria in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). [in English] Jurnal Akuatik, 4(1):42-52.
  28. El-Salam, S. S. A., Ghaly, M. F., Baraka, D. M., Mahmoud, S. H., & El-Makhzangy, A. A. (2018). Histopathological changes in diseased and treated catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by ciprofloxacin and clove oil. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Science, 32(1):13-19.
  29. Enyidi, U. D., & Maduakor, C. J. (2017). Prevalance of bacteria and nematode parasites in African catfish Clarias gariepinus cultured in smallholder concrete ponds in Nigeria. Journal of Biology and Nature, 7(4):169-176.
  30. Erwan, Wiryawan, I. K. G., Syamsuhaidi, S., Purnamasari, D. K., Sumiati, & Muhsinin, M. (2022). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of honey Trigona sp. in North Lombok District. Ternak Tropika Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 23(1):18-28.
  31. Esmaeili, M. (2021). Blood performance: A new formula for fish growth and health. Biology, 10(12):1-17.
  32. Fahmi, U., Andriani, I., Salmah, S., Hatta, T. H., Omar, S. B. A., & Sari, D. K. (2019). Histopathology of liver and intestine of Pangkilan bare fish (Oryzias matanensis) polluted by nickel and iron in Lake Matano, South Sulawesi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 370(1):1-7.
  33. Fazio, F. (2019). Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 500(8):237-242.
  34. Feist, S. W., Stentiford, G. D., Kent, M. L., Santos, A. R., & Lorance, P. (2015). Histopathological assessment of liver and gonad pathology in continental slope fish from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Marine Environmental Research, 106(4):42-50.
  35. Foyle, K. L., Hess, S., Powell, M. D., & Herbert, N. A. (2020). What is gill health and what is its role in marine finfish aquaculture in the face of a changing climate? Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(400):1-16.
  36. Fransira, I., Anggreini, A. F., Yanuhar, U., & Maftuch. (2019). Antibacterial activity of dayak onion bulbs (Eleutherine palmifolia (L) Merr) ethanol fraction against Pseudomonas fluorescens and its secondary metabolite analysis. Research Journal of Life Science, 6(2):94-103.
  37. Fransira, I., Yanuhar, U., & Noercholis, A. (2020). The effect of Eleutherine palmifolia root extract on the hematology of Oreochromis niloticus infected with Pseudomonas fluorescens. AACL Bioflux, 13(1):346-359.
  38. Gunanti, M., Wulansari, P. D., & Kinzella, K. (2019). The erythrocyte and leucocyte profile of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a cultivation system with nanobubbles. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 236(1):1-7.
  39. Hammed, A. M., Amosu, A. O., Awe, A. F., & Gbadamosi, F. (2015). Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) infected adult African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). International Journal of Current Research, 7(11):22117-22122.
  40. Hamouda, A. H., Moustafa, E. M., & Zayed, M. M. (2019). Overview on the most prevailing bacterial diseases infecting Oreochromis niloticus at Aswan fish hatchery, Egypt. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7(11):950-961.
  41. Hastuti, S., Subandiyono, S., & Windarto, S. (2019). Blood performance of jaundice catfish Clarias gariepinus. AACL Bioflux, 12(2):480-489.
  42. Huang, Q., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Hu, T., & Wang, Y. (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an lternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition, 4(2):137-150.
  43. Issa, E., Abderrazzack, A. F., Anani, K., & Yaovi, A. (2021). Antimicrobial properties of the hydroethanolic extract of Bauhinia rufescens L. and Euphorbia hirta L., two plants of the traditional Chadian pharmacopoeia. Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants, 7(2):30-34.
  44. Jakhar, S., & Dahiya, P. (2017). Antibacterial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Euphorbia hirta Linn. Microbiology Research Journal International, 20(2):1-12.
  45. Javed, M., Ahmad, I., Ahmad, A., Usmani, N., & Ahmad, M. (2016). Studies on the alterations in haematological indices, micronuclei induction and pathological marker enzyme activities in Channa punctatus (spotted snakehead) Perciformes, Channidae exposed to thermal power plant effluent. SpringerPlus, 5(1):1-9.
  46. Jumina, M., Salosso, Y., & Djonu, A. (2024). Prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria infection in dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by combination of madu and patikan kerbau (Euphorbia hirta). [in English] Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research, 8(1):83-91.
  47. Kari, Z. A., Wee, W., Sukri, S. A. M., Harun, H. C., Reduan, M. F. H., Khoo, M. I., Doan, H. Van, Goh, K. W., & Wei, L. S. (2022). Role of phytobiotics in relieving the impacts of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on aquatic animals: A mini-review. Frontiers, 9(1):1-11.
  48. Kaur, S., Khera, K. S., & Kondal, J. K. (2018). Heavy metal induced histopathological alterations in liver, muscle and kidney of freshwater cyprinid, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(2):2137-2144.
  49. Kefas, M., Abubakar, K. A., & Ja’afaru, A. (2015). Haematological indices of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Geriyo, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3(1):9-14.
  50. Kusdarwati, R., Kismiyati, K., Sudarno, Kurniawan, H., & Prayogi, Y. T. (2017). Isolation and identification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Saprolegnia sp. on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in floating cages in bozem Moro Krembangan Surabaya. IOP Conference Series: Earth Environmental Science, 55(1):1-6.
  51. Liao, W., Huang, L., Han, S., Hu, D., Xu, Y., Liu, M., Yu, Q., Huang, S., Wei, D., & Li, P. (2022). Review of medicinal plants and active pharmaceutical ingredients against aquatic pathogenic viruses. Viruses, 14(6):1-30.
  52. Liufeto, F. C., Manongga, S. P., & Bunga, M. (2023). Local’s perception on catfish farming cuktivation to prevent stunting. Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(5):1959-1964.
  53. Maftuch, Suprastyani, H., Sanoesi, E., Farida, N., Fransira, I., Habibah, N., Fatmawati, D. R., Rinaldi, R., Nisyak, I. K., Ardiansyah, D., & Prihanto, A. A. (2018). Effect of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L) Merr. crude extract on histopatology of gills, kidney, liver and muscle of Aeromonas hydrophila infected carp (Cyprinus carpio). The Indonesian Green Technology Journal, 7(2):35-39.
  54. Mufidah, T., Sukenda, Widanarni, Darusman, H. S., & Lusiastuti, A. M. (2022). Analysis of the pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and involvement of the TNF-α in response to the infection. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal, 17(1):73-85.
  55. Mustafa, S. A., Al-Faragi, J. K., Salman, N. M., & Al-Rudainy, A. J. (2017). Histopathological alterations in gills, liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to lead acetate. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 5(9):371-376.
  56. Nolan, V. C., Harrison, J., & Cox, J. A. G. (2019). Dissecting the antimicrobial composition of honey. Antibiotics, 8(4):1-16.
  57. Nwankwo, C. M., Ezekoye, C. C., & Igbokwe, S. O. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of apiary honey produced by honey bee (Apis mellifera) on clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(23):2367-2372.
  58. Oparaku, N. F., Ukwueze, M., Nwosu, C. G., Andong, F., Echiude, D., Okwuonu, E., & Ezenwaji, N. (2024). Effect of Carica papaya (Paw-Paw) aqueous leaf extract on the growth, haematological parameters and the liver enzymes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Aquaculture Reports, 34(9):1-10.
  59. Oseni, A. T., Olusola-Makinde, O. O., & Oladunmoye, M. K. (2019). Comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of crude and purified ethanol and ethyl-acetate extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. whole plant. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 5(1):1-11.
  60. Outtandy, P., Russell, C., Kleta, R., & Bockenhauer, D. (2019). Zebrafish as a model for kidney function and disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 34(5):751-762.
  61. Pandey, G., Sharma, M., & Mandloi, A. K. (2012). Medicinal plants useful in fish diseases. Plants Archives, 12(1):1-4.
  62. Peterman, M. A., & Posadas, B. C. (2019). Direct economic impact of fish diseases on the East Mississippi catfish industry. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 81(3):222-229.
  63. Puspitasari, M., Abun, Rochana, A., & Widjastuti, T. (2022). The potential of young and old Euphorbia hirta Leaves Extract as antibacterial against Escherichia coli and antihelminthic against Ascaridia galli obtained in Sentul chickens. Biodiversitas, 23(6):3243-3250.
  64. Radityo, M. K., Rosidah, Lili, W., & Herman, R. G. (2022). The effectiveness of chitosan in increasing immunity against Aeromonas hydrophila in Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 21(2):93-108.
  65. Rahimi, N. N. M. N., Ikhsan, N. F. M., Loh, J. Y., Ranzil, F. K. E., Gina, M., Lim, S. H. E., Lai, K. S., & Chong, C. M. (2022). Phytocompounds as an alternative antimicrobial approach in aquaculture. Antibiotics, 11(4):1-24.
  66. Rašković, B., Jarić, I., Koko, V., Spasić, M., Dulić, Z., Marković, Z., & Poleksić, V. (2013). Histopathological indicators: A useful fish health monitoring tool in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) culture. Central European Journal of Biology, 8(10):975-985.
  67. Rosidah, R., Nugraha, A., Andriani, Y., Haetami, K., Anne, O., & Purnomo, A. H. (2021). Potential of aloe vera for treatment of infection with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria on koi fry. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 37(S1):64-74.
  68. Rosidah, Yunita, M. D., Nurruhwati, I., & Rizal, A. (2020). Histopathological changes in gold fish (Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with various densities. World Scientific News, 142:150-168.
  69. Salkova, E., Gela, D., Pecherkova, P., & Flajshans, M. (2022). Examination of white blood cell indicators for three different ploidy level sturgeon species reared in an indoor recirculation aquaculture system for one year. Veterinarni Medicina, 67(3):138-149.
  70. Salosso, Y. (2019a). Antibacterial test of ants honey from Semau Island against Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolitycus bacteria. Journal of Fishery Science and Innovation, 3(2):68-72.
  71. Salosso, Y. (2019b). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of honey collected from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia on pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 370(1):1-7.
  72. Salosso, Y., & Jasmanindar, Y. (2014). Potential of patikan kerbau (Euphorbia hirta) as antibacterial on Aeromonas hydropilla and Vibrio alginolitycus in fish culture. Aquatic Science and Technology, 2(1):63-72.
  73. Salosso, Y., Ressie, J. D., Ridwan, Foes, Y. W., & Pasaribu, W. (2023). Bacteria Aeromonas hydropilla-induced disease treatment in catfish (Catfish sp.) culture, with a combination of honey and asthma plant Euphorbia hirta. AACL Bioflux, 16(2):878-886.
  74. Salosso, Y., Sunadji, Rebhung, F., & Anggrainy, K. (2020). Application of Kefa forest honey as antibacterial in the treatment of common carp Cyprinus carpio infected with bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. AACL Bioflux, 13(2):984-992.
  75. Sartika, D., Astuti, S., & Iswandari, R. (2021). Inhibitory study of cassava leather ethanol extract as natural antimicrobial in reducing Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli on contamination chicken meat (Gallus domesticus). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1751(1):1-11.
  76. Seibel, H., Baßmann, B., & Rebl, A. (2021). Blood will tell: What hematological analyses can reveal about fish welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8(1):1-21.
  77. Semwal, A., Kumar, A., & Kumar, N. (2023). A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture. Heliyon, 9(3):1-23.
  78. Shahid, S., Sultana, T., Sultana, S., Hussain, B., Irfan, M., Al-Ghanim, K. A., A-Misned, F., & Mahboob, S. (2021). Histopathological alterations in gills, liver, kidney and muscles of Ictalurus punctatus collected from pollutes areas of river. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3):814-821.
  79. Shanmugam, S., Subha, S., & Logeshwaran, S. (2017). Antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Euphorbia hirta against clinical pathogens. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2(1):287-293.
  80. Sheikh, Z. A., Ahmed, I., Jan, K., Nabi, N., & Fazio, F. (2022). Haematological profile, blood cell characteristic and serum biochemical composition of cultured brown trout, Salmo trutta fario with Respect to Sex. Heliyon, 8(8):1-12.
  81. Silalahi, M. (2021). Utilization of Euphorbia hirta L. for traditional medicine and its bioactivity. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 8(1):53-58.
  82. Solomon, S. G., Okomoda, V. T., & Anyebe, P. O. (2015). Growth performance and hematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus fed varied levels of Cola nitida meal. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 9(2):20-25.
  83. Sopiah, S., Rosidah, Lili, W., & Suryadi, I. B. (2018). The effectivity of pandanus leaf extract for the treatment of Sangkuriang catfish juvenile Clarias gariepinus infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 17(2):120-129.
  84. Stan, D., Enciu, A. M., Mateescu, A. L., Ion, A. C., Brezeanu, A. C., Stan, D., & Tanase, C. (2021). Natural compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral effect and nanocarriers used for their transportation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12(2):1-25.
  85. Strzyzewska, E., Szarek, J., & Babinska, I. (2016). Morphologic evaluation of the gills as a tool in the diagnostics of pathological conditions in fish and pollution in the aquatic environment: A Review. Veterinarni Medicina, 61(3):123-132.
  86. Su, T., Qiu, Y., Hua, X., Ye, B., Luo, H., Liu, D., Qu, P., & Qiu, Z. (2020). Novel opportunity to reverse antibiotic resistance: to explore traditional chinese medicine with potential activity against antibiotics-resistance bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11(1):1-11.
  87. Syahidah, D. (2021). Characteristics of hemolysins from pathogenic bacteria in tropical aquaculture: An in-silico study. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 890(1):1-9.
  88. Tran, N., Nguyen, M., Le, K. P. B., Nguyen, N., Tran, Q., & Le, L. (2020). Screening of antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity of Euphorbia hirta Linn. extracts. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 10(23):1-15.
  89. Tresnati, J., & Djawad, I. (2012). Effect of lead on gill and liver of blue spotted ray (Dasyatis kuhlii).
  90. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 6(17):250-256.
  91. Velichkova, K., Sirakov, I., Stoyanova, S., Zhelyazkov, G., Staykov, Y., & Slavov, T. (2019). Effect of Acorus calamus L. extract on growth performance and blood parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio l.) cultivated in a recirculation system. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 20(2):585-591.
  92. Witeska, M., Kondera, E., Ługowska, K., & Bojarski, B. (2022). Hematological methods in fish – not only for beginners. Aquaculture, 547(2):1-17.
  93. Xie, Y., Yang, W., Tang, F., Chen, X., & Ren, L. (2014). Antibacterial activities of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 22(1):132-149.
  94. Yanuhar, U., Raharjo, D. K. W. P., Caesar, N. R., & Junirahma, N. S. (2021). Hematology response of catfish (Clarias sp.) as an indicator of fish health in Tuban Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 718(1):1-6.
  95. Zakaria, Z., Misriyani, M., Astuti, A. D., & Masyita, A. (2023). Antibacterial activity and toxicity of honey derived from Bone, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research, 10(3):177-182.
  96. Zhong, J., Tan, L., Chen, M., & He, C. (2022). Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms of pulsatilla saponins. Chinese Medicine, 17(1):1-12.
  97. Zubaidah, A., Samsundari, S., & Hidayaturrahmi. (2019). Effectiveness of strychnine bush extract (Strychnos ligustrina Blume) against to prevalence and survival rate of dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. IJOTA (Indonesian Journal of Tropical Aquatic), 2(1):1-8.
Read More

Author Biographies

Yuliana Salosso, Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia.

Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia.

Andi Taufika Rahma, Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Fishery Product Safety Station, Kupang, 85228. Indonesia

Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Fishery Product Safety Station, Kupang, 85228. Indonesia.

Asriati Djonu, Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia

Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia.

Immaria Fransira, Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia

Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85001. Indonesia.

Download this PDF file
Altmetric Badge
Trend MD
Statistic
Read Counter : 2

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.