Issue

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN

Date Log

Submitted
October 23, 2024
Accepted
January 26, 2025
Published
January 26, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

1. Copyright of the article is transferred to the journal, by the knowledge of the author, whilst the moral right of the publication belongs to the author.

2. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Atribusi-Non Commercial-Share alike (CC BY-NC-SA),  (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

3. The articles published in the journal are open access and can be used for non-commercial purposes. Other than the aims mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation

 

The manuscript authentic and copyright statement submission can be downloaded ON THIS FORM. 

Fisheries Biotechnology

Production of Water-Soluble Chitosan from Crab Shells (Portunus sp.) by Pressurized Hydrolysis Method as an Active Material for Hand Sanitizer

https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v17i2.64591
Niken Dharmayanti
Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-348X
Dessy A Natalia
Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Bitung
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0303-3104
Aef Permadi
Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0417-7608
Fera R Dewi
Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-1736
Khamhou Thongsamouth
Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6978-5228

Corresponding Author(s) : Niken Dharmayanti

dharmayantiniken@gmail.com

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN

Abstract

Graphical Abstract



 


Highlight Research



  1. Water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell can be produced via the pressurized hydrolysis method in an acidic environment with a pressure cooker; the optimal treatment is a 3% HCl concentration.

  2. Water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell has the following properties: it is yellowish white in color, odorless, powder-like, with a yield of 83.37±0.73, an acidity degree of 5, 83±0.34, viscosity of 69.0±0.82, solubility of 93.57±0.33, and a degree of deacetylation of 78.4%.

  3. The optimal concentration for water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell inhibition is 160 mg/ml, with an inhibition zone of 7.47 mm for S. aureus and 6.70 mm for E. coli, falling in the medium category.

  4. Physical features of organoleptic water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell hand sanitizer: neutral appearance (5), somewhat similar fragrance (6), neutral texture (5), similar (6), not homogenous, dispersion 3.59-4.03 cm, pH 6.05-6.28.

  5. The most effective hand sanitizer formulation from crab’s shell water soluble chitosan is HS3 (including 200 mg/ml of water-soluble chitosan), which has a weak inhibition zone of 5.35±0.57 mm for S. aureus bacteria and 4.70±0.07 mm for E. coli.


 


 


 


Abstract


There has been no research on the application of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) derived from crab shells as a hand sanitizer. using a pressurized hydrolysis method. The limited solubility of chitosan at neutral pH restricts its usability. The aim of this study was to produce WSC from crab shells using pressurized hydrolysis methods as an active ingredient for hand sanitizer. Chitosan was depolymerized into WSC by utilizing hydrochloric acid (2, 3, and 4%) and was hydrolyzed using a pressure cooker at a temperature of approximately 110˚C for 1 hour. Isopropyl alcohol was then added to the filtrate at a ratio of 2:1. The selected WSC was treated with 3% HCl and made into 3 different concentrations of 140, 150, and 160 mg/ml, then tested for its antibacterial activity. The WSC hand sanitizer antibacterial test has concentrations of 180, 190 and 200 mg/ml, and for positive control using commercial hand sanitizer, and negative control in the form of basic gel without chitosan. By depolymerizing chitosan using 3% HCl, a high solubility (93.57±0.33) of WSC was achieved, with a degree of deacetylation (DD) value of 78.4%. The results indicated that the concentration of WSC is160 mg/ml and exhibited the strongest inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli, with clear area values of 7.47 mm and 6.70 mm, respectively. The best hand sanitizer formulation is HS3 (in addition of WSC 200 mg/ml) and the ability to inhibit S. aureus bacteria with a clear area value of 5.35 ± 0.57 mm and E. coli is 4.70 ± 0.07 mm. This study shows the potential of WSC from crab shells as a sustainable and effective antibacterial active ingredient in hand sanitizers, which requires further research on scalability and wider applications.

Keywords

Active ingredientChitosanDegree of deacetylationHand sanitizerPressurized hydrolysis
Dharmayanti, N., Natalia, D. A. ., Permadi , A. ., Dewi, F. R. ., & Thongsamouth, K. . (2025). Production of Water-Soluble Chitosan from Crab Shells (Portunus sp.) by Pressurized Hydrolysis Method as an Active Material for Hand Sanitizer. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 17(2), 276–295. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v17i2.64591
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Achmad, H., Djais, A. I., Jannah, M., Carmelita, A. B., Uinarni, H., Arifin, E. M., & Putra, A. P. (2020). Antibacterial chitosan of milkfish scales (Chanos chanos) on bacteria Prophyromonas gingivalis & Agregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(6):836-841.
  2. Afridiana, N. (2011). Recovery of Glucosamine Hydrochloride from Shrimp Shells through Chemical Hydrolysis as a Supplement Preparation for Osteoarthritis (Thesis). Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia.
  3. Ahmad, A., & Ayub, H. (2022). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique for food analysis and authentication. In P. B. Pathare & M.S. Rahman (Eds.), Nondestructive quality assessment techniques for fresh fruits and vegetables. Springer Nature 11(03):1582-1856.
  4. AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis. 18th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Maryland.
  5. Aranaz, I., Alcántara, A. R, Civera M. C., Arias C., Elorza B., Caballero A. H., & Acosta N. (2021) Chitosan: An overview of its properties and applications. Polymers, 13(3256):1-28.
  6. Ardean, C., Davidescu, C. M., Nemeş, N. S., Negrea, A., Ciopec, M., Duteanu, N., Negrea, P., Duda-seiman, D., & Muntean, D. (2021a). Antimicrobial activities of chitosan derivatives. Pharmaceutics, 13(10):12-21.
  7. Ardean, C., Davidescu, C. M., Nemeş, N. S., Negrea, A., Ciopec, M., Duteanu, N Negrea, P., Duda-seiman, D., & Musta, V. (2021b). Factors influencing the antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan modified by functionalization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(14):12- 28.
  8. Arifin, S. H. A. G. (2021). Formulation, physical stability test, and antimicrobial activity of gel hand sanitizer from combination of Piper betle and Moringa oleifera leaves extract. Surabaya: Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel.
  9. Ariyanthini, K. S., Angelina, E., Permana, K. N. B., Thelmalina, F. J., & Prasetia, I. G. N. J. A. (2021). Antibacterial activity testing of hand sanitizer gel extract of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application, 3(2):98-107.
  10. Azmana, M., Mahmood, S., Hilles, A. R., Rahman, A., Arifin, M. A. B., & Ahmed, S. (2021). A review on chitosan and chitosan-based bionanocomposites: Promising material for combatting global issues and its applications. International journal of biological macromolecules, 185(31):832-848.
  11. Bahri, S., Ginting, Z., Vanesa, S., & Nasrul, Z. A. (2021). Formulation of patchouli plant essential oil gel (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) as a hand antiseptic (hand sanitizer). Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Universitas Malikussaleh, 10(1):87-99.
  12. Buijs, N. P., Matheson, E. J., Cochrane, S. A., & Martin, N. I. (2023). Targeting membrane-bound bacterial cell wall precursors: A tried-and-true antibiotic strategy in nature and the clinic. Chemical Communications, 59(50):7685-7703.
  13. Cahyono, E. (2018). Characteristics of chitosan from tiger prawn (Panaeus monodon) shell waste. Akuatika Indonesia, 3(2):96-102.
  14. Chamidah, A., Widiyanti, C. N., & Fabiyani, N. N. (2019). Utilization of water-soluble chitosan as an antiseptic hand sanitizer. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 21(1):9-16.
  15. Das, A., Ringu, T., Ghosh, S., & Pramanik, N. (2023). A comprehensive review on recent advances in preparation, physicochemical characterization, and bioengineering applications of biopolymers. Polymer Bulletin, 80(7):7247-7312.
  16. Dwiyitno, D., Basmal, J., & Mulyasari, M. (2017). Effect of esterification temperature on the characteristics of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS). Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 10(3):67-73.
  17. Egorov, A. R., Kirichuk, A. A., Rubanik, V. V., Rubanik Jr, V. V., Tskhovrebov, A. G., & Kritchenkov, A. S. (2023). Chitosan and its derivatives: Preparation and antibacterial properties. Materials, 16(18):1-29.
  18. Faustine, D., Setyaningsih, I., & Hardiningtyas, S. D. (2020). Chitosan depolymerization using ultraviolet light and hydrochloric acid catalyst. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 23(3):412-422.
  19. Feng, Z., Adolfsson, K. H., Xu, Y., Fang, H., Hakkarainen, M., & Wu, M. (2021). Carbon dot/polymer nanocomposites: From green synthesis to energy, environmental and biomedical applications. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 29(206):1- 25.
  20. Fitriyana, D.F., Ismail, R., Bagaskara, I.F., Safitri, M.A.N., Pradiptya, P.Y., & Setiyawan, A. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of chitosan based hand sanitizer from crab shell waste. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 12(2):1051-1054.
  21. Ghimire, U., Kandel, R., Ko, S. W., Adhikari, J. R., Kim, C. S., & Park, C. H. (2024). Electrochemical technique to develop surface-controlled polyaniline nano-tulips (PANINTs) on PCL-reinforced chitosan functionalized (CS-f-Fe2O3) scaffolds for stimulating osteoporotic bone regeneration. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 264(48):1-18.
  22. GRAS. (2012). Chitoclear® shrimp-derived chitosan: food usage conditions for general recognition of safety. Iceland (IL): GRAS.
  23. Gumilar, J., Suryaningsih, L., & Setia, D. F. (2023). The use of various hydrochloric acid concentration levels on rabbit bone gelatin quality. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran, 23(2):154-160.
  24. Hahn, T., Tafi, E., Paul, A., Salvia, R., Falabella, P., & Zibek, S. (2020). Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 95(11):2775-2795.
  25. Hayati, R., Sari, A., Hanum, F., Nabilah, N., Earlia, N., & Lukitaningsih, E. (2023). Formulation and antibacterial activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruits extract in vegetable oil-based liquid hand soap. Malacca Pharmaceutics, 1(1):30-36.
  26. Huang, W. (2019). Multifunctional self-healing hydrogels based on natural polymers for biomedical applications. Canada: University of Alberta.
  27. Jin, T., Liu, T., Lam, E., & Moores, A. (2021). Chitin and chitosan on the nanoscale. Nanoscale Horizons, 6(7):505-542.
  28. Kaban, V. N. N., Dharmawan, H., & Satria, D. (2022). Formulation and effectiveness test of hand washing soap from pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) against Salmonella sp. bacteria. Herbal Medicine Journal, 5(1):8-12.
  29. Kadak, A. E., Küçükgülmez, A., & Çelik, M. (2023). Preparation and characterization of crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) chitosan with different deacetylation degrees. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 21(2):87-94.
  30. Kadak, A. E., & Salem, M. O. A. (2020). Antibacterial activity of chitosan, some plant seed extracts and oils against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 35(2):144-150.
  31. Ke, C. L, Deng F. S., Chuang C. Y., & Lin C. H. (2021) Antimicrobial actions and applications of chitosan. Polymers, 13(904):1-22.
  32. Kusrini, E., Wilson, L. D., Padmosoedarso, K. M., Mawarni, D. P., Sufyan, M., & Usman, A. (2023). Synthesis of chitosan capped zinc sulphide nanoparticle composites as an antibacterial agent for liquid handwash disinfectant applications. Journal of Composites Science, 7(2):1-17.
  33. Kusumaningsih, T., Abu, M., & Usman, A. (2004). Making chitosan from snail shell chitin (Achatina fulica). Biopharmaceuticals. 2(2):64-68.
  34. Li, Q., Dunn, E. T., Grandmaison, E. W., & Goosen, M. F. (2020). Applications and properties of chitosan. In M. F. A. Goosen (Ed.), Applications of chitin and chitosan. (pp. 3-29). CRC Press.
  35. Li, N., Xiong, X., Ha, X., & Wei, X. (2019). Comparative preservation effect of water-soluble and insoluble chitosan from Tenebrio molitor waste. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133(15 July 2019):165-171.
  36. Manus N., Yamlean P. V. Y., & Kojong N. S. (2016) Formulation of citronella leaf essential oil gel (Cymbopogon citratus) as hand antiseptic. Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal (Pharmacon), 5(3):85-93.
  37. Meata, B. A., Uju, U., & Trilaksani, W. (2019). Characteristics of glucosamine hydrochloride result of chitosan hydrolysis using acid and ultrasonication. Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 14(2):151-162.
  38. Mohan K., Ganesan A. R., Ezhilarasi P. N., Kondamareddy K. K., Rajan D. K., Sathishkumar P., Rajarajeswaran J., & Conterno L. (2022). Green and eco-friendly approaches for the extraction of chitin and chitosan: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers; 287(1):1-10.
  39. Natalia, D. A., Dharmayanti, N., & Dewi, F. R. (2021). Chitosan production from crab shells (Portunus sp.) at room temperature. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 24(3):301-309.
  40. Nurjannah, A., Darmanto, & Ima, W. (2016). Optimization of glucosamine hydrochloride (glcn hcl) production from crab shell waste through chemical hydrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Product Processing. 19(1):26-35.
  41. Oktarlina, R. Z., Bahri, S., & Adjeng, A. N. T. (2022). Production and characterization of micro-collagen from carp scales waste (Cyprinus carpio). Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 15(5):1995-2002.
  42. Pambudi, G. B. R., Ulfin, I., Harmami, H., Suprapto, S., Kurniawan, F., & Ni’Mah, Y. L. (2018). Synthesis of water-soluble chitosan from crab shells (Scylla serrata) waste. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2049(2018):1551-7616.
  43. Pellis, A., Guebitz, G. M., & Nyanhongo, G. S. (2022). Chitosan: Sources, processing and modification techniques. Gels, 8(7):1-27.
  44. Permadi, A., Afifah, R. A., Apriani, D. A. K., & Ariyani, F. (2022). Water-soluble chitosan from green mussel (Perna viridis) shells and its use as fat-absorber in cookies. Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, 17(3):168-176.
  45. Peter, S., Lyczko, N., Gopakumar, D., Maria, H. J., Nzihou, A., & Thomas, S. (2021). Chitin and chitosan based composites for energy and environmental applications: A review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12(2021):4777-4804.
  46. Putri, M. A., Marhan, E. S., Ike, N. A., & Verry, A. F. (2019). Test of physical properties of hand sanitizer gel preparation of pucuk idah leaf extract (Cratoxylum glaucum). Proceedings of the National Seminar on Research & Community Service. Bangka Belitung University.
  47. Riu, F., Ruda, A., Ibba, R., Sestito, S., Lupinu, I., Piras, S., Widmalm, G., & Carta, A. (2022). Antibiotics and carbohydrate-containing drugs targeting bacterial cell envelopes: An overview. Pharmaceuticals, 15(942):1-38.
  48. Robiatun, R. R., Pangondian, A., Paramitha, R., Zulmai Rani, & Gultom, E. D. (2022). Formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizer gel from clove flower extract (Eugenia aromatica L.). International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(2):484-491.
  49. Saputra, D., Ula, F. R., Fadhila, A. B. N., Sijabat, Y. Y., Romadoni, A. A & Windarto, S. (2022). Nano-chitosan spray as a preservative and food security of fishery products in the middle of the Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 14(1):71–82.
  50. SNI 06 6989.11. (2019). Water and wastewater – part 11: Method of testing the degree of acidity (pH) using a pH meter.
  51. SNI 01 2346. (2006). Testing instructions. Organoleptic or sensory.
  52. SNI 06 2588. (1992). Liquid synthetic detergent for hand cleaning.
  53. Somwanshi, S. B., Kumar, S., & Rathore, G. S. (2023). Cosmetic Science. (1st ed) AG Publishing House (AGPH Books). 241 p.
  54. Sudianto., Suseno, S. H., & Suptijah, P. (2020). Optimization of water-soluble chitosan production using the pressure hydrolysis method. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 23(3):441-446.
  55. Suptijah, P., Jacoeb, A. M., & Deviyanti, N. (2012). Characterization and bioviability of nanocalcium from whiteleg shrimp shells (Litopenaeus vannamei). Jurnal Aquatika. 3(1):1-11.
  56. Wang, W., Xue, C., & Mao, X. (2020). Chitosan: Structural modification, biological activity and application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164(2020):4532-4546.
  57. Wang, J., & Zhuang, S. (2022). Chitosan-based materials: Preparation, modification and application. Journal of Cleaner Production, 355(2022):1- 25.
  58. Wulandari, I. O., Pebriatin, B. E., Valiana, V., Hadisaputra, S., Ananto, A. D., & Sabarudin, A. (2022). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles coated by water soluble chitosan and its potency as non-alcoholic hand sanitizer Formulation. Materials, 15(13):1-20.
  59. Zhou, J., Cai, Y., Liu, Y., An, H., Deng, K., Ashraf, M. A., Zou, L., & Wang, J. (2022). Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(2022):1-21.
Read More

Author Biographies

Niken Dharmayanti, Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries

Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries

Dessy A Natalia, Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Bitung

Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Bitung

Aef Permadi , Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries

Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries

Fera R Dewi, Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency

Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency

Khamhou Thongsamouth, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Download this PDF file
PDF
Altmetric Badge
Trend MD
Statistic
Read Counter : 51 Download : 0

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.