Date Log
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. Copyright of the article is transferred to the journal, by the knowledge of the author, whilst the moral right of the publication belongs to the author.
2. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Atribusi-Non Commercial-Share alike (CC BY-NC-SA), (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
3. The articles published in the journal are open access and can be used for non-commercial purposes. Other than the aims mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation
The manuscript authentic and copyright statement submission can be downloaded ON THIS FORM.
Bio-Monitoring of Aquatic Environment: Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Grass Carp due to Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate, Acetochlor, and Topsin-m
Corresponding Author(s) : Naseer Ahmed
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 2025: IN PRESS ISSUE (JUST ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT, 2025)
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Highlight Research
- The grass carp was the species used in this study due to its ecological significance and sensitivity to pollutants.
- The study examined both acute and chronic toxicity effects of pesticides on grass carp to understand their immediate and long-term impact.
- Harmful effects on hematological profile of Grass carp fish were observed and hence are deleterious to aquatic life and environment.
- Biochemical changes observed, Emamectin Benzoate found more toxic than Acetochlor and Acetochlor is more toxic than Topsin-M.
Abstract
This study investigates the novel combined effects of Emamectin Benzoate (pesticide), Acetochlor (herbicide), and Topsin-M (fungicide) on hematological and biochemical profiles in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), to fill critical gaps in understanding their ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic health and sustainable fisheries. Fishes from farm in Gujranwala were acclimatized in a freshwater aquarium laboratory for a week, then divided into four groups (E1, E2, E3, and E4) exposed to pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide concentrations for 5 and 14 days. Blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical parameters. Exposure to Emamectin Benzoate induces significant increase in WBCs, neutrophils, MCV, MCH, and platelets, while a significant decrease was found in RBCs, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC concentration. Acute toxicity of Acetochlor showed an increase in WBCs, neutrophils, MCV, MCH contents, and platelets, while a decrease in RBCs, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC contents was noted. Effects of Topsin-M showed an increase in WBCs, neutrophils, MCV, MCH contents, and platelets. However, a significant decrease in RBCs, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC contents has been observed. It reveals that Uric acid, serum lipase, Sodium, Phosphorous, Bilirubin, and Potassium increased significantly. Exposure to chemicals induced significant declines in the levels of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Triglyceride, HDL Cholesterol, SGPT (ALT) Creatinine, and ALK Phosphatase which caused illness in fish. This study shows potential for biomonitoring of aquatic environments.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Abdali, S., Yousefi, J. A., Kazemi, R., & Yazdani, M. A. (2011). Effects of atrazine (herbicide) on blood biochemical indices of grass carp (Ctenopharhyngoden idella). Journal of the Persian Gulf, 2(5):51-56.
- Adedeji, O., Adeyemo, O., & Agbede, S. (2009). Effects of diazinon on blood parameters in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(16):1-7.
- Adeyemo, O. K., Okwilagwe, O., & Ajani, F. (2009). Comparative assessment of sodium EDTA and heparin as anticoagulants for the evaluation of haematological parameters in cultured and feral African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science & Technology, 13(1):19-24.
- Adhikari, S., Sarkar, B., Chatterjee, A., Mahapatra, C., & Ayyappan, S. (2004). Effects of cypermethrin and carbofuran on certain haematological parameters and prediction of their recovery in a freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(2):220-226.
- Afzal, G., Ali, H. M., Hussain, T., Hussain, S., Ahmad, M. Z., Naseer, A., Iqbal, R., Aslam, J., Khan, A., Elsadek, M. F., Al-Munqedhi, B. M., & Hussain, R. (2024). Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of lindane on histo-morphometric and physio-biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita. Plos One, 19(7):1-24.
- Akinrotimi, O., & Gabriel, U. (2012). Haematological profiles of Clarias gariepinus brood fish raised in water recirculating aquaculture system. Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research, 2(2):97-103.
- Akram, R., Iqbal, R., Hussain, R., & Ali, M. (2022). Effects of bisphenol a on hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological biomarkers in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) under long-term exposure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(15):21380-21395.
- Alammar, M. (2019). Benthic foraminifera as a novel bio-monitoring tool in the assessment of environmental impacts linked to marine aquaculture (Thesis). University of St. Andrew, Scotland.
- Alwan, S., Hadi, A., & Shokr, A. (2009). Alterations in hematological parameters of fresh water fish, Tilapia zillii, exposed to aluminum. Journal Science and Its Application, 3(1):12-19.
- Atamanalp, M., Yanik, T., Haliloglu, H. Ï., & Aras, M. S. (2002). Alterations in the haematological parameters of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed to cypermethrin. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 54(3):99-103.
- Chaudhary, A., Javaid, K. G., & Bughio, E. (2023). Toxic effects of chromium chloride on hematology and histopathology of major carp (Labeo rohita). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 49(3):291-296.
- Christo Queensly, C., Venkadesh, B., & Kumaran, T. (2015). Impact of cypermethrin on some haematological parameters in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. International Journal of Development Research, 5(1):2899-903.
- Das, S., Kar, I., & Patra, A. K. (2023). Cadmium induced bioaccumulation, histopathology, gene regulation in fish and its amelioration – A review. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 79(5):1-21.
- David, M., Sangeetha, J., Shrinivas, J., Harish, E., & Naik, V. (2015). Effects of deltamethrin on haematological indices of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 3(1):37-43.
- Deshmukh, D. (2016). Haematological response in a freshwater fish Channa striatus exposed to endosulfan pesticide. Bioscience Discovery, 7(1):67-69.
- Dzenda, T. A., Jo, A. A., & Adaudi, A. (2004). Effect of crude mathanolic leaf extract of Tephrosia vogelii on contraction of isolated rabbit jejunum. Paper presented at the XXIV Annual Science Conference Physiology Sosial Nigeria Delta State University.
- EPA, U. (2006). National primary drinking water regulations: Ground water rule; final rule. Fed Regist, 71(216):65574-65660.
- Erlista, G. P., Ahmed, N., Swasono, R. T., Raharjo, S., & Raharjo, T. J. (2023). Proteome of monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom and potent anti breast cancer peptide from trypsin hydrolyzate of the venom protein. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 31(6):1115-1124.
- Fazlolahzadeh, F., Keramati, K., Nazifi, S., Shirian, S., & Seifi, S. (2011). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematological parameters and plasma activities of ALT and AST of Rainbow trout in temperature stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9):84-90.
- Fazio, F., Piccione, G., Tribulato, K., Ferrantelli, V., Giangrosso, G., Arfuso, F., & Faggio, C. (2014). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in blood and tissue of striped mullet in two Italian lakes. Journal of aquatic animal health, 26(4):278-284.
- Fiandini, M., Bayu, A., Nandiyanto, D., Fitria, D., Husaeni, A., Novia, D., & Mushiban, M. (2024). How to calculate statistics for significant difference test using SPSS: Understanding students comprehension on the concept of steam engines as power plant. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1):45-108.
- Gabriel, U. U., Amakiri, E. U., & Ezeri, G. N. O. (2007a). Haematology and gill pathology of Clarias gariepinus exposed to refined petroleum oil under laboratory conditions. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(3):461-465.
- Gabriel, U., Anyanwu, P., & Akinrotimi, O. (2007b). Blood characteristics associated with confinement stress in black chin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron. Journal of Fish International, 2(2):186-189.
- Giri, S. S., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. G., Kim, S. W., Kang, J. W., Kwon, J., Lee, S. B., Jung, W. J., Sukumaran, V., & Park, S. C. (2021). Role of dietary curcumin against waterborne lead toxicity in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 219(13):1-9.
- Groff, J. M., & Zinkl, J. G. (1999). Haematology and clinical chemistry of cyprinid fish: Common carp and goldfish. Veterinary clinics of North America: Exotic animal practice, 2(3):741-776.
- Harper, H. A. (1997). Pfeiheld fysiologické chemie. Avicenum, Praha, 14(2):639.
- Hasan, Z., Ghayyur, S., Hassan, Z. U., & Rafique, S. (2015). Histomorphometric & haematological profile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during acute endosulfan toxicity. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 35(1):23-27.
- Inyang, I. R., Okon, N. C., & Izah, S. C. (2016). Effect of glyphosate on some enzymes and electrolytes in Heterobranchus bidosalis (a common African catfish). Biotechnological Research, 2(4):161-165.
- Jones, P., Hammell, K., Gettinby, G., & Revie, C. W. (2013). Detection of emamectin benzoate tolerance emergence in different life stages of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 36(3):209-220.
- Joshp, P., Bose, M., & Harish, D. (2002). Changes in certain haematological parameters in a siluroid cat fish Clarias batrachus (Linn) exposed to cadmium chloride. Pollution Research, 21(2):129-131.
- Lebelo, S. L., Saunders, D. K., & Crawford, T. G. (2001). Observations on blood viscosity in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum) associated with fish hatchery conditions. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 104(3):183-195.
- Makled, W. A., El Garhy, M. M., & Mahmoud, A. (2024). Bio-monitoring of coral reef health based on benthic foraminifera in Makadi Lagoon, Hurghada, Red Sea Coast, Egypt: Application of the standard foram index. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 218(10):1-10.
- Murray, R. K., D. K. Grannies, P. A. Mayes, & Rodwell, V. (1990). Harper's Biochemistry 23.
- Naveed, A. Janaiah, C. & Venkateshwarlu, P. (2011). The effects of lihocin toxicity on protein metabolism of the fresh water edible fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1(3):18-23.
- Okoboshi, A. C., Agaoru, C. G., Ezea, J., Ibeh, R., Udeme, J., & Ike, K. E. (2023). Hepatosomatic index and haematological profile: A bio monitoring tools for assessing African catfish juveniles (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to dimethoate 40% EC toxicity. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 31(1):17-29.
- Opute, P. A., & Oboh, I. P. (2021). Hepatotoxic effects of atrazine on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): Biochemical and histopathological studies. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80(2):414-425.
- Park, C.-B., Kim, G.-E., Kim, D.-W., Kim, S., & Yeom, D.-H. (2021). Biomonitoring the effects of urban-stream waters on the health status of pale chub (Zacco platypus): A comparative analysis of biological indexes and biomarker levels. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208(2):1-10.
- Perveen, S., Hashmi, I., & Khan, R. (2019). Evaluation of genotoxicity and hematological effects in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by disinfection by-products. Journal of Water and Health, 17(5):762-776.
- Qadir, S., Latif, A., Ali, M., & Iqbal, F. (2014). Effects of imidacloprid on the hematological and serum biochemical profile of Labeo rohita. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46(4):1085-1090.
- Rabinson, D. S. (1990). Plasma triglyceride metabolism. Journal of Clinical pathology, 5(26):5-10.
- Rahman, M., & Siddiqui, M. (2006). Haematological & clinical chemistry changes induced by subchronic dosing of a novel phosphorothionate (RPR-V) in Wistar male and female rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 29(1):95-110.
- Rajini, A., Gopi, R., Bhuvana, V., Goparaju, A., & Anbumani, S. (2014). Alachlor 50% EC induced biochemical alterations in Clarias batrachus during and after cessation of exposure. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2(2):59-63.
- Rani, M., Gupta, R., Yadav, J., & Kumar, S. (2017). Assessment of organophosphates induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in Indian major carps. Journal of Entomology and Zoological studies, 5(2):1369-1371.
- Samanta, P., Pal, S., Mukherjee, A. K., Senapati, T., & Ghosh, A. R. (2014). Effects of almix herbicide on metabolic enzymes in different tissues of three teleostean fishes Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2(5):156-163.
- Satyanarayan, S., Bejankiwar, R. S., Chaudhari, P., Kotangale, J., & Satyanarayan, A. (2004). Impact of some chlorinated pesticides on the haematology of the fish Cyprinuscarpio and Puntius ticto. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16(4):631-634.
- Shahi, N., Yousuf, A., Rather, M., Ahmad, F., & Yaseen, T. (2013). First report of blood parasites in fishes from Kashmir and their effect on the haematological profile. Open veterinary journal, 3(2):89-95.
- Shahjahan, M., Taslima, K., Rahman, M. S., Al-Emran, M., Alam, S. I., & Faggio, C. (2022). Effects of heavy metals on fish physiology – A review. Chemosphere, 300(24):1-18.
- Sharma, J., & Behera, P. K. (2022). Abundance & distribution of aquatic benthic macro-invertebrate families of river Ganga and correlation with environmental parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(8):1-14.
- Shaikila, B., Thangavel, P., & Ramaswamy, M. (1993). Adaptive trends in tissue acid and alkaline phosphatases of Sarotherodon mossambicus. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 35(1):36-39.
- Singh, A., & Zahra, K. (2019). Effect of garlic extract on mortality & biochemical parameters of fresh water fishes Heteropneustes fossilis against Cypermethrin. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(2):14-19.
- Singh, D., Nath, K., Trivedi, S., & Sharma, Y. (2008). Impact of copper on haematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. Journal of Environmental biology, 29(2):253-257.
- Singh, N. N., & Srivastava, A. K. (2010). Haematological parameters as bioindicators of insecticide exposure in teleosts. Ecotoxicology, 19(5):838-854.
- Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P., & Rumsey, G. L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41(2):125-139.
- Suchana, S. A., Ahmed, M. S., Islam, S. M. M., Rahman, M. L., Rohani, M. F., Ferdusi, T., Ahmmad, A. K. S., Fatema, M. K., Badruzzaman, M., & Shahjahan, M. (2021). Chromium exposure causes structural aberrations of erythrocytes, gills, liver, kidney, and genetic damage in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Biological Trace Element Research, 199(10):3869-3885.
- Tahir, R., Samra, Afzal, F., Liang, J., & Yang, S. (2024). Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 146(3):1-21.
- Tomlin C. D. S. (2001). The E-pesticide Manual. Version 2.0. (12th Ed). British Crop Protection Council, [CD-ROM].
- Velmurugan, B., Cengiz, E. I., Senthilkumaar, P., Uysal, E., & Satar, A. (2016). Haematological parameters of freshwater fish Anabas testudineus after sublethal exposure to cypermethrin. Environmental Pollution and Protection, 1(1):32-39.
- Yaji, A. J., Auta, J., Oniye, S. J., Adakole, J. A., & Usman, J. I. (2011). Effects of cypermethrin on behavior and biochemical indices of fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 10(2):371-382.
- Zhou, L., Luo, F., Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., Lou, Z., & Chen, Z. (2016). Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea. Food chemistry, 1(202):199-204.
References
Abdali, S., Yousefi, J. A., Kazemi, R., & Yazdani, M. A. (2011). Effects of atrazine (herbicide) on blood biochemical indices of grass carp (Ctenopharhyngoden idella). Journal of the Persian Gulf, 2(5):51-56.
Adedeji, O., Adeyemo, O., & Agbede, S. (2009). Effects of diazinon on blood parameters in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(16):1-7.
Adeyemo, O. K., Okwilagwe, O., & Ajani, F. (2009). Comparative assessment of sodium EDTA and heparin as anticoagulants for the evaluation of haematological parameters in cultured and feral African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science & Technology, 13(1):19-24.
Adhikari, S., Sarkar, B., Chatterjee, A., Mahapatra, C., & Ayyappan, S. (2004). Effects of cypermethrin and carbofuran on certain haematological parameters and prediction of their recovery in a freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(2):220-226.
Afzal, G., Ali, H. M., Hussain, T., Hussain, S., Ahmad, M. Z., Naseer, A., Iqbal, R., Aslam, J., Khan, A., Elsadek, M. F., Al-Munqedhi, B. M., & Hussain, R. (2024). Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of lindane on histo-morphometric and physio-biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita. Plos One, 19(7):1-24.
Akinrotimi, O., & Gabriel, U. (2012). Haematological profiles of Clarias gariepinus brood fish raised in water recirculating aquaculture system. Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research, 2(2):97-103.
Akram, R., Iqbal, R., Hussain, R., & Ali, M. (2022). Effects of bisphenol a on hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological biomarkers in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) under long-term exposure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(15):21380-21395.
Alammar, M. (2019). Benthic foraminifera as a novel bio-monitoring tool in the assessment of environmental impacts linked to marine aquaculture (Thesis). University of St. Andrew, Scotland.
Alwan, S., Hadi, A., & Shokr, A. (2009). Alterations in hematological parameters of fresh water fish, Tilapia zillii, exposed to aluminum. Journal Science and Its Application, 3(1):12-19.
Atamanalp, M., Yanik, T., Haliloglu, H. Ï., & Aras, M. S. (2002). Alterations in the haematological parameters of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed to cypermethrin. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 54(3):99-103.
Chaudhary, A., Javaid, K. G., & Bughio, E. (2023). Toxic effects of chromium chloride on hematology and histopathology of major carp (Labeo rohita). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 49(3):291-296.
Christo Queensly, C., Venkadesh, B., & Kumaran, T. (2015). Impact of cypermethrin on some haematological parameters in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. International Journal of Development Research, 5(1):2899-903.
Das, S., Kar, I., & Patra, A. K. (2023). Cadmium induced bioaccumulation, histopathology, gene regulation in fish and its amelioration – A review. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 79(5):1-21.
David, M., Sangeetha, J., Shrinivas, J., Harish, E., & Naik, V. (2015). Effects of deltamethrin on haematological indices of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 3(1):37-43.
Deshmukh, D. (2016). Haematological response in a freshwater fish Channa striatus exposed to endosulfan pesticide. Bioscience Discovery, 7(1):67-69.
Dzenda, T. A., Jo, A. A., & Adaudi, A. (2004). Effect of crude mathanolic leaf extract of Tephrosia vogelii on contraction of isolated rabbit jejunum. Paper presented at the XXIV Annual Science Conference Physiology Sosial Nigeria Delta State University.
EPA, U. (2006). National primary drinking water regulations: Ground water rule; final rule. Fed Regist, 71(216):65574-65660.
Erlista, G. P., Ahmed, N., Swasono, R. T., Raharjo, S., & Raharjo, T. J. (2023). Proteome of monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom and potent anti breast cancer peptide from trypsin hydrolyzate of the venom protein. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 31(6):1115-1124.
Fazlolahzadeh, F., Keramati, K., Nazifi, S., Shirian, S., & Seifi, S. (2011). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematological parameters and plasma activities of ALT and AST of Rainbow trout in temperature stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9):84-90.
Fazio, F., Piccione, G., Tribulato, K., Ferrantelli, V., Giangrosso, G., Arfuso, F., & Faggio, C. (2014). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in blood and tissue of striped mullet in two Italian lakes. Journal of aquatic animal health, 26(4):278-284.
Fiandini, M., Bayu, A., Nandiyanto, D., Fitria, D., Husaeni, A., Novia, D., & Mushiban, M. (2024). How to calculate statistics for significant difference test using SPSS: Understanding students comprehension on the concept of steam engines as power plant. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1):45-108.
Gabriel, U. U., Amakiri, E. U., & Ezeri, G. N. O. (2007a). Haematology and gill pathology of Clarias gariepinus exposed to refined petroleum oil under laboratory conditions. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(3):461-465.
Gabriel, U., Anyanwu, P., & Akinrotimi, O. (2007b). Blood characteristics associated with confinement stress in black chin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron. Journal of Fish International, 2(2):186-189.
Giri, S. S., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. G., Kim, S. W., Kang, J. W., Kwon, J., Lee, S. B., Jung, W. J., Sukumaran, V., & Park, S. C. (2021). Role of dietary curcumin against waterborne lead toxicity in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 219(13):1-9.
Groff, J. M., & Zinkl, J. G. (1999). Haematology and clinical chemistry of cyprinid fish: Common carp and goldfish. Veterinary clinics of North America: Exotic animal practice, 2(3):741-776.
Harper, H. A. (1997). Pfeiheld fysiologické chemie. Avicenum, Praha, 14(2):639.
Hasan, Z., Ghayyur, S., Hassan, Z. U., & Rafique, S. (2015). Histomorphometric & haematological profile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during acute endosulfan toxicity. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 35(1):23-27.
Inyang, I. R., Okon, N. C., & Izah, S. C. (2016). Effect of glyphosate on some enzymes and electrolytes in Heterobranchus bidosalis (a common African catfish). Biotechnological Research, 2(4):161-165.
Jones, P., Hammell, K., Gettinby, G., & Revie, C. W. (2013). Detection of emamectin benzoate tolerance emergence in different life stages of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 36(3):209-220.
Joshp, P., Bose, M., & Harish, D. (2002). Changes in certain haematological parameters in a siluroid cat fish Clarias batrachus (Linn) exposed to cadmium chloride. Pollution Research, 21(2):129-131.
Lebelo, S. L., Saunders, D. K., & Crawford, T. G. (2001). Observations on blood viscosity in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum) associated with fish hatchery conditions. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 104(3):183-195.
Makled, W. A., El Garhy, M. M., & Mahmoud, A. (2024). Bio-monitoring of coral reef health based on benthic foraminifera in Makadi Lagoon, Hurghada, Red Sea Coast, Egypt: Application of the standard foram index. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 218(10):1-10.
Murray, R. K., D. K. Grannies, P. A. Mayes, & Rodwell, V. (1990). Harper's Biochemistry 23.
Naveed, A. Janaiah, C. & Venkateshwarlu, P. (2011). The effects of lihocin toxicity on protein metabolism of the fresh water edible fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1(3):18-23.
Okoboshi, A. C., Agaoru, C. G., Ezea, J., Ibeh, R., Udeme, J., & Ike, K. E. (2023). Hepatosomatic index and haematological profile: A bio monitoring tools for assessing African catfish juveniles (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to dimethoate 40% EC toxicity. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 31(1):17-29.
Opute, P. A., & Oboh, I. P. (2021). Hepatotoxic effects of atrazine on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): Biochemical and histopathological studies. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80(2):414-425.
Park, C.-B., Kim, G.-E., Kim, D.-W., Kim, S., & Yeom, D.-H. (2021). Biomonitoring the effects of urban-stream waters on the health status of pale chub (Zacco platypus): A comparative analysis of biological indexes and biomarker levels. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208(2):1-10.
Perveen, S., Hashmi, I., & Khan, R. (2019). Evaluation of genotoxicity and hematological effects in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by disinfection by-products. Journal of Water and Health, 17(5):762-776.
Qadir, S., Latif, A., Ali, M., & Iqbal, F. (2014). Effects of imidacloprid on the hematological and serum biochemical profile of Labeo rohita. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46(4):1085-1090.
Rabinson, D. S. (1990). Plasma triglyceride metabolism. Journal of Clinical pathology, 5(26):5-10.
Rahman, M., & Siddiqui, M. (2006). Haematological & clinical chemistry changes induced by subchronic dosing of a novel phosphorothionate (RPR-V) in Wistar male and female rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 29(1):95-110.
Rajini, A., Gopi, R., Bhuvana, V., Goparaju, A., & Anbumani, S. (2014). Alachlor 50% EC induced biochemical alterations in Clarias batrachus during and after cessation of exposure. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2(2):59-63.
Rani, M., Gupta, R., Yadav, J., & Kumar, S. (2017). Assessment of organophosphates induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in Indian major carps. Journal of Entomology and Zoological studies, 5(2):1369-1371.
Samanta, P., Pal, S., Mukherjee, A. K., Senapati, T., & Ghosh, A. R. (2014). Effects of almix herbicide on metabolic enzymes in different tissues of three teleostean fishes Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2(5):156-163.
Satyanarayan, S., Bejankiwar, R. S., Chaudhari, P., Kotangale, J., & Satyanarayan, A. (2004). Impact of some chlorinated pesticides on the haematology of the fish Cyprinuscarpio and Puntius ticto. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16(4):631-634.
Shahi, N., Yousuf, A., Rather, M., Ahmad, F., & Yaseen, T. (2013). First report of blood parasites in fishes from Kashmir and their effect on the haematological profile. Open veterinary journal, 3(2):89-95.
Shahjahan, M., Taslima, K., Rahman, M. S., Al-Emran, M., Alam, S. I., & Faggio, C. (2022). Effects of heavy metals on fish physiology – A review. Chemosphere, 300(24):1-18.
Sharma, J., & Behera, P. K. (2022). Abundance & distribution of aquatic benthic macro-invertebrate families of river Ganga and correlation with environmental parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(8):1-14.
Shaikila, B., Thangavel, P., & Ramaswamy, M. (1993). Adaptive trends in tissue acid and alkaline phosphatases of Sarotherodon mossambicus. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 35(1):36-39.
Singh, A., & Zahra, K. (2019). Effect of garlic extract on mortality & biochemical parameters of fresh water fishes Heteropneustes fossilis against Cypermethrin. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(2):14-19.
Singh, D., Nath, K., Trivedi, S., & Sharma, Y. (2008). Impact of copper on haematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. Journal of Environmental biology, 29(2):253-257.
Singh, N. N., & Srivastava, A. K. (2010). Haematological parameters as bioindicators of insecticide exposure in teleosts. Ecotoxicology, 19(5):838-854.
Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P., & Rumsey, G. L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41(2):125-139.
Suchana, S. A., Ahmed, M. S., Islam, S. M. M., Rahman, M. L., Rohani, M. F., Ferdusi, T., Ahmmad, A. K. S., Fatema, M. K., Badruzzaman, M., & Shahjahan, M. (2021). Chromium exposure causes structural aberrations of erythrocytes, gills, liver, kidney, and genetic damage in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Biological Trace Element Research, 199(10):3869-3885.
Tahir, R., Samra, Afzal, F., Liang, J., & Yang, S. (2024). Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 146(3):1-21.
Tomlin C. D. S. (2001). The E-pesticide Manual. Version 2.0. (12th Ed). British Crop Protection Council, [CD-ROM].
Velmurugan, B., Cengiz, E. I., Senthilkumaar, P., Uysal, E., & Satar, A. (2016). Haematological parameters of freshwater fish Anabas testudineus after sublethal exposure to cypermethrin. Environmental Pollution and Protection, 1(1):32-39.
Yaji, A. J., Auta, J., Oniye, S. J., Adakole, J. A., & Usman, J. I. (2011). Effects of cypermethrin on behavior and biochemical indices of fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 10(2):371-382.
Zhou, L., Luo, F., Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., Lou, Z., & Chen, Z. (2016). Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea. Food chemistry, 1(202):199-204.