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Evaluation of Fatty Acid Profile in Red Tilapia Fed Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Tofu Waste-Based Diets
Corresponding Author(s) : Ukhradiya Magharaniq Safira Purwanto
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 2025: IN PRESS ISSUE (JUST ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT, 2025)
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Highlight Research
- Feed formulations based on black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and tofu waste meet the quality requirements based on the Indonesian National Standard
- Feed formulations based on black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and tofu waste improve fish growth performance comparable to commercial feed
- Feed formulations based on black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and tofu waste did not increase the level of cholesterol content in fish flesh
- Fish flesh with black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and tofu waste diet have higher total fatty acid content compared to commercial feed
Abstract
Despite growing interest in sustainable aquaculture, studies on the combined use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) and tofu waste as alternative protein sources in tilapia diets, particularly their effects on fatty acid profiles, remain limited. This study evaluates the effects of fish feed formulated with BSFL and tofu waste on the growth performance, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Experimental diets included: commercial feed, dried BSFL, and a combination of BSFL:tofu waste. Fish were reared for eight weeks under controlled conditions. Treatment with BSFL:tofu waste exhibited superior growth performance, with the highest weight gain (102.88%) and length gain (33.75%). Proximate analysis revealed significant variations across treatments, with a combination of BSFL:tofu waste achieving the highest caloric value (110.71 cal/g) and fat content (3.75%) while maintaining protein levels comparable to commercial feed. Fatty acid analysis showed a combination of BSFL:tofu waste enhanced total fatty acid content (77.92%), predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), increasing from 37.34% in commercial feed to 47.04%. Essential fatty acids, including DHA and linoleic acid, were elevated in a combination of BSFL:tofu waste, indicating improved nutritional quality. Cholesterol levels remained unaffected among treatments. These findings suggest that combining BSFL and tofu waste can enhance fish feed quality, optimize growth performance, and improve the nutritional value of red tilapia. Future research should explore refining feed formulations to maximize nutrient stability and sustainability for broader aquaculture applications.
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- Abdel-Ghany, H. M., Salem, M. E., Ezzat, A. A., Essa, M. A., Helal, A. M., Ismail, R. F., & El-Sayed, A. M. (2021). Effects of different levels of dietary lipids on growth performance, liver histology and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Thermal Biology, 96(2):1-9.
- Abidin, Z., Junaidi, M., Cokrowati, N., & Yuniarti, S. (2015). Growth and feed consumption of catfish (Clarias sp.) fed with locally sourced feed ingredients. Depik, 22(4):1-10.
- Bakar, N. H. A., Razak, S. A., Taufek, N. M., & Alias, Z. (2021). Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae oil as meal supplementation in diets for red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41(3):2093-2102.
- Akbar, S., Bhatti, M. Z., Saeed, R. F., & Qazi, A. S. (2021). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Impact on health and disease status. Life & Science, 2(2):69-80.
- Asghar, A., Afzaal, M., Saeed, F., Ahmed, A., Ateeq, H., Shah, Y. A., Islam, F., Hussain, M., Akram, N., & Shah, M. A. (2023). Valorization and food applications of okara (soybean residue): A concurrent review. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(7):3631-3640.
- Azizah, N., Belgania, R. H., Lamid, M., & Rachmawati, K. (2022). Physical and chemical quality of rice bran fermented with rumen microbial isolate (Actinobacillus sp. ML) at different levels. Livestock and Animal Research, 20(2):159-166.
- Belghit, I., Liland, N. S., Gjesdal, P., Biancarosa, I., Menchetti, E., Li, Y., Waagbø, R., Krogdahl, Å., & Lock, E. J. (2019). Black soldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 503(1):609-619.
- Bußler, S., Rumpold, B. A., Jander, E., Rawel, H. M., & Schlüter, O. K. (2016). Recovery and techno-functionality of flours and proteins from two edible insect species: Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Heliyon, 2(12):1-24.
- Caligiani, A., Marseglia, A., Leni, G., Baldassarre, S., Maistrello, L., Dossena, A., & Sforza, S. (2018). Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids, and chitin. Food Research International, 105(3):812-820.
- Cicilia, A. P., & Susila, N. (2018). The potential of tofu waste for larvae (Hermetia illucens) production as a protein source for fish feed. Anterior Jurnal, 18(1):40-47.
- Djunaedi, A. R., Hartati, R., Pribadi, S., Redjeki, R. W., & Astuti, B. S. (2016). Growth of larasati nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in ponds with different feed rations and stocking densities. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 19(2):131-142.
- Ediwarman, Hernawati, R., Adrianto, W., & Yonn, M. (2008). Use of larvae as a substitute for trash fish in giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes cv.) aquaculture.
- Effendie, M. I. (1997). Marine Biology. Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama. Yogyakarta.
- English, G., Wanger, G., & Colombo, S. M. (2021). A review of advancements in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) production for dietary inclusion in salmonid feeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 5(3):1-9.
- Faisal, M., Gani, A., Mulana, F., & Daimon, H. (2016). Treatment and utilization of industrial tofu waste in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28(3):510-507.
- Ganvir, K. P., Darvekar, A. N., Raut, V. D., & Thorat, R. K. (2022). Effect of locally generated food waste on bioconversion and nutrient parameters of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 10(6):108-116.
- Herawati, V. E., Jayanti, H. T., Elfitasari, T., Putro, S. P., & Windarto, S. (2023). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) oil inclusion and its effects on growth performances in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 15(2):361-373.
- Houguo, X., Turchini, G. M., Francis, D. S., Liang, M., Mock, T. S., Rombenso, A., & Ai, Q. (2020). Are fish what they eat? A fatty acid’s perspective. Progress in Lipid Research, 80(4):1-113.
- Isa, M. T. Z., Harris, A., Sugito, & Herrialfian. (2015). Proximate analysis of fat content in nile tilapia fed with jaloh leaf supplementation combined with chromium in feed after exposure to heat stress. Jurnal Medika Veterinaria, 9(1):33-36.
- Jacoeb A. M., Suptijah P., & Kristantina W. A. (2015). Fatty acid and cholesterol composition, and tissues description of fresh and fried red snapper fillet. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 18(1):98-107.
- Kamble, D. B., & Rani, S. (2020). Bioactive components, in vitro digestibility, microstructure, and application of soybean residue (okara). Legume Science, 2(1):1-9.
- Kapoor, B., Kapoor, D., Gautam, S., Singh, R., & Bhardwaj, S. (2021). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): Uses and potential health benefits. Current Nutrition Reports, 10(3):232-242.
- Lapui, A. R., Nopriani, U., & Mongi, H. (2021). Nutritional analysis of corn flour (Zea mays Lam) from uedele village, tojo district, tojo una-una regency for livestock feed. Agropet, 18(2):42-46.
- Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. (2022a). Analysis of key performance indicators in the marine and fisheries sector for the period 2017–2021 (Vol. 1). Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Data, Statistics, and Information.
- Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. (2022b). Marine and fisheries in figures 2022 (Vol. 1). Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Data, Statistics, and Information.
- Mulqan, M., Rahimi, S. A. E., & Dewiyanti, I. (2017). Growth and survival of gesit tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in an aquaponic system with different plant types. Scientific Journal of Marine and Fisheries Students Unsyiah, 2(1):183-193.
- Nadimin, S., & Fitriani, N. (2019). Organoleptic quality of cookies with the addition of rice bran flour and mackerel fish. Media Gizi Pangan, 26(1):8-15.
- Pramono, T. B., Sanjayasari, D., & Soedibya, P. H. T. (2007). Optimization of feed with protein and energy-protein levels for the growth of prospective Mystus nigriceps broodstock. Jurnal Protein, 15(2):153-157.
- Putri, D. K., Sudrajat, H., Susanti, A., & Batuthoh, M. W. (2022). Utilization of tofu pulp waste in the production of high-fiber, low-fat flour as an alternative functional food ingredient. Jurnal Hasil Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Jember, 1(1):27-35.
- Rahayu, L. H., Sudrajat, R. W., & Rinihapsari, E. (2016). Tofu pulp flour production technology for the manufacture of various food products for housewives in Gunungpati, Semarang. E-Dimas: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, 7(1):68-76.
- Rahman, M. M., Mat, K., Ishigaki, G., & Akashi, R. (2021). A review of okara (soybean curd residue) utilization as animal feed: Nutritive value and animal performance aspects. Animal Science Journal, 92(1):1-16.
- Rawski, M., Mazurkiewicz, J., Kierończyk, B., & Józefiak, D. (2020). Black soldier fly full-fat larvae meal as an alternative to fish meal and fish oil in Siberian sturgeon nutrition: The effects on physical properties of the feed, animal growth performance, and feed acceptance and utilization. Animals, 10(11):1-19.
- Safitri, N. M., Aminin, A., & Luthfiyah, S. (2020). Formulation of floating fish feed using local raw materials. Jurnal Perikanan Pantura, 3(1):31-37.
- Santos, D. C., Oliveira Filho, J. G., Silva, J. D., Sousa, M. F., Vilela, M. D., Silva, M. A., Lemes, A. C., & Egea, M. B. (2019). Okara flour: Its physicochemical, microscopical, and functional properties. Nutrition & Food Science, 49(6):1252-1264.
- Şen Özdemir, N., Koyun, M., Caf, F., & Kırıcı, M. (2023). Factors affecting nutritional quality in terms of the fatty acid composition of Cyprinion macrostomus. Grasas Y Aceites, 74(2):1-13.
- Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 9(12):345-381.
- Sikumbang, M. N., Soeprijadi, L., Rachma, S. K., & Mukhaimin, I. (2024). Effect of using swanggi fish (Priacanthus tayenus) bone meal on the physical quality and proximate composition of fish feed. Jurnal Bluefin Fisheries, 5(2):74-85.
- Subandiyono, S., & Hastuti, S. (2020). Dietary protein levels affected on the growth and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AACL Bioflux 13(5):2468-2476.
- Supardan, F. A., Mulyana, & Lesmana, D. (2023). Effect of larvae and commercial feed combination on the growth of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Mina Sains, 9(1):1-11.
- Suryati, T., Julaeha, E., Farabi, K., Ambarsari, H., & Hidayat, A. T. (2023). Lauric acid from the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and its potential applications. Sustainability, 15(13):1-28.
- Suwoyo, H. S., Mulyaningrum, S. R., & Syah, R. (2018). Growth, survival, and production of red nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with a combination of commercial feed and fermented tofu waste. Berita Biologi, 17(3):299-312.
- Tasbozan, O., & Gokce, M. A. (2017). Fatty acid in fish. In Tech Open.
- Voss, G. B., Sousa, V., Rema, P., Pintado, M. E., & Valente, L. M. P. (2021). Processed by-products from soy beverage (okara) as sustainable ingredients for nile tilapia (O. niloticus) juveniles: effects on nutrient utilization and muscle quality. Animals, 11(3):1-17.
- Všetičková, L., Suchý, P., & Straková, E. (2020). Factors influencing the lipid content and fatty acid composition of freshwater fish: A review. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 5(4):1-10.
- Zhang, J., Kaneko, G., Sun, J., Wang, G., Xie, J., Tian, J., Li, Z., Gong, W., Zhang, K., Xia, Y., & Yu, E. (2021). Key factors affecting the flesh flavor quality and the nutritional value of grass carp in four culture modes. Foods, 10(9):1-14.
References
Abdel-Ghany, H. M., Salem, M. E., Ezzat, A. A., Essa, M. A., Helal, A. M., Ismail, R. F., & El-Sayed, A. M. (2021). Effects of different levels of dietary lipids on growth performance, liver histology and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Thermal Biology, 96(2):1-9.
Abidin, Z., Junaidi, M., Cokrowati, N., & Yuniarti, S. (2015). Growth and feed consumption of catfish (Clarias sp.) fed with locally sourced feed ingredients. Depik, 22(4):1-10.
Bakar, N. H. A., Razak, S. A., Taufek, N. M., & Alias, Z. (2021). Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae oil as meal supplementation in diets for red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41(3):2093-2102.
Akbar, S., Bhatti, M. Z., Saeed, R. F., & Qazi, A. S. (2021). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Impact on health and disease status. Life & Science, 2(2):69-80.
Asghar, A., Afzaal, M., Saeed, F., Ahmed, A., Ateeq, H., Shah, Y. A., Islam, F., Hussain, M., Akram, N., & Shah, M. A. (2023). Valorization and food applications of okara (soybean residue): A concurrent review. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(7):3631-3640.
Azizah, N., Belgania, R. H., Lamid, M., & Rachmawati, K. (2022). Physical and chemical quality of rice bran fermented with rumen microbial isolate (Actinobacillus sp. ML) at different levels. Livestock and Animal Research, 20(2):159-166.
Belghit, I., Liland, N. S., Gjesdal, P., Biancarosa, I., Menchetti, E., Li, Y., Waagbø, R., Krogdahl, Å., & Lock, E. J. (2019). Black soldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 503(1):609-619.
Bußler, S., Rumpold, B. A., Jander, E., Rawel, H. M., & Schlüter, O. K. (2016). Recovery and techno-functionality of flours and proteins from two edible insect species: Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Heliyon, 2(12):1-24.
Caligiani, A., Marseglia, A., Leni, G., Baldassarre, S., Maistrello, L., Dossena, A., & Sforza, S. (2018). Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids, and chitin. Food Research International, 105(3):812-820.
Cicilia, A. P., & Susila, N. (2018). The potential of tofu waste for larvae (Hermetia illucens) production as a protein source for fish feed. Anterior Jurnal, 18(1):40-47.
Djunaedi, A. R., Hartati, R., Pribadi, S., Redjeki, R. W., & Astuti, B. S. (2016). Growth of larasati nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in ponds with different feed rations and stocking densities. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 19(2):131-142.
Ediwarman, Hernawati, R., Adrianto, W., & Yonn, M. (2008). Use of larvae as a substitute for trash fish in giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes cv.) aquaculture.
Effendie, M. I. (1997). Marine Biology. Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama. Yogyakarta.
English, G., Wanger, G., & Colombo, S. M. (2021). A review of advancements in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) production for dietary inclusion in salmonid feeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 5(3):1-9.
Faisal, M., Gani, A., Mulana, F., & Daimon, H. (2016). Treatment and utilization of industrial tofu waste in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28(3):510-507.
Ganvir, K. P., Darvekar, A. N., Raut, V. D., & Thorat, R. K. (2022). Effect of locally generated food waste on bioconversion and nutrient parameters of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 10(6):108-116.
Herawati, V. E., Jayanti, H. T., Elfitasari, T., Putro, S. P., & Windarto, S. (2023). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) oil inclusion and its effects on growth performances in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 15(2):361-373.
Houguo, X., Turchini, G. M., Francis, D. S., Liang, M., Mock, T. S., Rombenso, A., & Ai, Q. (2020). Are fish what they eat? A fatty acid’s perspective. Progress in Lipid Research, 80(4):1-113.
Isa, M. T. Z., Harris, A., Sugito, & Herrialfian. (2015). Proximate analysis of fat content in nile tilapia fed with jaloh leaf supplementation combined with chromium in feed after exposure to heat stress. Jurnal Medika Veterinaria, 9(1):33-36.
Jacoeb A. M., Suptijah P., & Kristantina W. A. (2015). Fatty acid and cholesterol composition, and tissues description of fresh and fried red snapper fillet. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 18(1):98-107.
Kamble, D. B., & Rani, S. (2020). Bioactive components, in vitro digestibility, microstructure, and application of soybean residue (okara). Legume Science, 2(1):1-9.
Kapoor, B., Kapoor, D., Gautam, S., Singh, R., & Bhardwaj, S. (2021). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): Uses and potential health benefits. Current Nutrition Reports, 10(3):232-242.
Lapui, A. R., Nopriani, U., & Mongi, H. (2021). Nutritional analysis of corn flour (Zea mays Lam) from uedele village, tojo district, tojo una-una regency for livestock feed. Agropet, 18(2):42-46.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. (2022a). Analysis of key performance indicators in the marine and fisheries sector for the period 2017–2021 (Vol. 1). Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Data, Statistics, and Information.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. (2022b). Marine and fisheries in figures 2022 (Vol. 1). Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Data, Statistics, and Information.
Mulqan, M., Rahimi, S. A. E., & Dewiyanti, I. (2017). Growth and survival of gesit tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in an aquaponic system with different plant types. Scientific Journal of Marine and Fisheries Students Unsyiah, 2(1):183-193.
Nadimin, S., & Fitriani, N. (2019). Organoleptic quality of cookies with the addition of rice bran flour and mackerel fish. Media Gizi Pangan, 26(1):8-15.
Pramono, T. B., Sanjayasari, D., & Soedibya, P. H. T. (2007). Optimization of feed with protein and energy-protein levels for the growth of prospective Mystus nigriceps broodstock. Jurnal Protein, 15(2):153-157.
Putri, D. K., Sudrajat, H., Susanti, A., & Batuthoh, M. W. (2022). Utilization of tofu pulp waste in the production of high-fiber, low-fat flour as an alternative functional food ingredient. Jurnal Hasil Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Jember, 1(1):27-35.
Rahayu, L. H., Sudrajat, R. W., & Rinihapsari, E. (2016). Tofu pulp flour production technology for the manufacture of various food products for housewives in Gunungpati, Semarang. E-Dimas: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, 7(1):68-76.
Rahman, M. M., Mat, K., Ishigaki, G., & Akashi, R. (2021). A review of okara (soybean curd residue) utilization as animal feed: Nutritive value and animal performance aspects. Animal Science Journal, 92(1):1-16.
Rawski, M., Mazurkiewicz, J., Kierończyk, B., & Józefiak, D. (2020). Black soldier fly full-fat larvae meal as an alternative to fish meal and fish oil in Siberian sturgeon nutrition: The effects on physical properties of the feed, animal growth performance, and feed acceptance and utilization. Animals, 10(11):1-19.
Safitri, N. M., Aminin, A., & Luthfiyah, S. (2020). Formulation of floating fish feed using local raw materials. Jurnal Perikanan Pantura, 3(1):31-37.
Santos, D. C., Oliveira Filho, J. G., Silva, J. D., Sousa, M. F., Vilela, M. D., Silva, M. A., Lemes, A. C., & Egea, M. B. (2019). Okara flour: Its physicochemical, microscopical, and functional properties. Nutrition & Food Science, 49(6):1252-1264.
Şen Özdemir, N., Koyun, M., Caf, F., & Kırıcı, M. (2023). Factors affecting nutritional quality in terms of the fatty acid composition of Cyprinion macrostomus. Grasas Y Aceites, 74(2):1-13.
Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 9(12):345-381.
Sikumbang, M. N., Soeprijadi, L., Rachma, S. K., & Mukhaimin, I. (2024). Effect of using swanggi fish (Priacanthus tayenus) bone meal on the physical quality and proximate composition of fish feed. Jurnal Bluefin Fisheries, 5(2):74-85.
Subandiyono, S., & Hastuti, S. (2020). Dietary protein levels affected on the growth and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AACL Bioflux 13(5):2468-2476.
Supardan, F. A., Mulyana, & Lesmana, D. (2023). Effect of larvae and commercial feed combination on the growth of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Mina Sains, 9(1):1-11.
Suryati, T., Julaeha, E., Farabi, K., Ambarsari, H., & Hidayat, A. T. (2023). Lauric acid from the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and its potential applications. Sustainability, 15(13):1-28.
Suwoyo, H. S., Mulyaningrum, S. R., & Syah, R. (2018). Growth, survival, and production of red nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with a combination of commercial feed and fermented tofu waste. Berita Biologi, 17(3):299-312.
Tasbozan, O., & Gokce, M. A. (2017). Fatty acid in fish. In Tech Open.
Voss, G. B., Sousa, V., Rema, P., Pintado, M. E., & Valente, L. M. P. (2021). Processed by-products from soy beverage (okara) as sustainable ingredients for nile tilapia (O. niloticus) juveniles: effects on nutrient utilization and muscle quality. Animals, 11(3):1-17.
Všetičková, L., Suchý, P., & Straková, E. (2020). Factors influencing the lipid content and fatty acid composition of freshwater fish: A review. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 5(4):1-10.
Zhang, J., Kaneko, G., Sun, J., Wang, G., Xie, J., Tian, J., Li, Z., Gong, W., Zhang, K., Xia, Y., & Yu, E. (2021). Key factors affecting the flesh flavor quality and the nutritional value of grass carp in four culture modes. Foods, 10(9):1-14.