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Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Ethanol Extract of Ciplukan (Physalis angulate) Leaves and Toxicity Test on Post-Larvae of Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
[Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ektrak Etanol Daun Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) dan Uji Toksisitas terhadap Sintasan Post Larva Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon)]
Corresponding Author(s) : Awaludin Awaludin
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 11 No. 2 (2019): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Abstract
Physalis angulata is a garden plant that has been widely used as a medicinal plant by the community. This plant contains secondary metabolites that can be used as medicine and nutrition enhancement. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolite compounds and their toxicity to the post-larva (PL) survival rate in tiger prawns. This study was conducted in several stages (1). P. angulata extraction using ethanol, (2) P. angulata GCMS test, (3) The identification of the secondary metabolites from P. angulata (4) LC50 test (Lethal Concentration 50) and (5) Data analysis. Based on the results of GCMS analysis, it was indicated that P. angulata contained the secondary metabolite compounds, including phenols, steroids, fatty acids, terpenoids, benzenes, and alkaloids. It is concluded that the compounds contained are presumed to be beneficial for prawn farming development in terms of disease prevention, growth acceleration, and egg quality improvement. Meanwhile, the toxicity test results by using tiger prawn larvae for 48 hours revealed that the safe concentration level used for prawn development by utilizing the cutleaf groundcherry extract was at 13.1 mg/l.
Abstrak
Physalis angulata merupakan tumbuhan pekarangan yang telah banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai tumbuhan obat oleh masyarakat. Tumbuhan ini diduga memiliki metabolit sekunder yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat dan peningkatan nutrisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi senyawa metabolik sekunder dan toksisitasnya terhadap sintasan post larva (PL) udang windu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan (1). Ekstraksi P. angulata dengan menggunakan etanol, (2) Uji GCMS P. angulata, (3) Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dari P. angulata (4) Uji LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) dan (5) Analisis data. Berdasarkan hasil analisis GCMS menunjukkan bahwa P. angulata mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan senyawa antara lain fenol, steroid, asam lemak, terpenoid, benzene dan alkaloid. Senyawa- senyawa yang terkandung tersebut diduga dapat dijadikan sebagai pengembangan budidaya udang pada penanggulangan penyakit, percepatan pertumbuhan dan peningkatan kualitas telur. Sedangkan hasil uji toksisitas dengan menggunakan larva udang windu selama 48 jam menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi aman yang dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan udang dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak ciplukan dengan konsentrasi 13,1 mg/l.
Keywords
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- Aguilar-Guadarrama, A. B., & Rios, M. Y. (2018). Flavonoids, Sterols and Lignans from Cochlospermum vitifolium and Their Relationship with Its Liver Activity. Molecules, 23(8): 1-8, 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081952.
- Andrianto, D., Anaser, N., Untoro, M., Fatmawati, R., Winda, R. A., &
- Aisyah, S. (2012). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) terhadap Kelarutan Batu Ginjal in Vitro. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia Unesa 2012-ISBN: 978-979-028-550-7.
- Awaludin, & Ridwan, A. (2016). Peningkatan Survival Rate Benih Udang Windu (Peaneus Monodon) Dengan Perendaman Ekstrak Etanol Karamunting (Melastoma Malabahricum). Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 9(1): 32-35.
- Bardin, T. P. (1970). The Role of Prostaglandin in Reproductive Physiology. Ohio State Medical Journal, 66(10): 1008-1012
- Christie, W. W. (2019). Sterols 3. Sterols and Their Conjugates from Plants and Lower Organisms. http://www.lipidhome.co.uk/lipids/simple/plant-st/index.htm.
- Djajanegara, I., & Wahyudi, P. (2010). Uji Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Herba Ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) terhadap Sel T47D secara in vitro. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 1: 41-47.
- Djajanegara, I. (2008). Uji 70% Ekstrak Etanol 70% Herba Ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) terhadap sel 70% secara in vitro. Jurnal Harpodon Valensi, 30(1): 1-8.
- FAO Fisheries Information, Data and Statistics Unit (FIDI). (2017). Fishery Statistical Collection. FIGIS Data Collection. Rome: FAO.
- Hanani, E., Mun'im, A., & Sekarini, R. (2005). Identifikasi Senyawa Antioksidan dalam Spons Callyspongia sp Dari Kepulauan Seribu, Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 2(3): 127-133.
- Huberman. (2000). Shrimp endocrinology: a review. Aquaculture, 191: 191-208.
- Idris, M. (2011). Energy pathway on two repeated spawning of Australian Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). PhD Thesis. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
- Kanazawa, A., Chim, L., & Laubier. (1988). Tissue Uptake of Radioactive Cholesterol in the Prawn Penaeus japonicas Bate during Ovary Maturation. Aquatic Living Resources, 20(1): 85-91.
- Keber, R., Rozman, D, & Horvat S. (2013). Sterols in Spermatogenesis and Sperm Maturation. Journal of Lipid Research, (1): 20-33. doi: 10.1194/jlr. R032326.
- Killops, S. D., & Killopss, V. J. (1993). An Introduction to Organic Geochemistry. USA: Harlow Longman.
- Kuballa, A., & Elizur. (2007). Novel Molecular Approach to Study Moulting in Crustaceans. Bulletin of Fisheries Reearch Agency, 20: 53-57.
- Layyina H. (2014). Toksisitas Ekstrak Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) Berdasarkan Uji Letalitas Larva Udang. Skripsi. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
- Lilybeth, F., Olowa., O., & Nuñeza, M. (2013). Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of the Ethanolic Extracts of Three Selected Species of Medicinal Plants from Iligan City, Philippines International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(2): 74-77.
- Lisdawati, V. (2002). Buah Mahkota Dewa-Toksisitas, Efek Antioksidan, dan Efek Anti Kanker Berdasarkan Uji Penapisan Farmakologi. http://www.mahkotadewa.com/ 7 diakses 17 Juli 2019.
- Meyer, B. N., Ferrigni, N. R., Putnam, J. E., Jacobsen L.B., Nichols, D. E., & Mc Laughlin, J. L. (1982). Brine Shrimp: A Convenientgeneral bioassay for Active Plant Constituents, Planta Medica, 45: 31-34.
- Millero, F. S., & Sohn, M. L. (1992). Chemical Oceanography. London: CRC Press.
- Nawang, A., Trismawanti, I., & Parenrengi, A. (2015). Produktivitas Telur dan Daya Tetas Induk Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) Asal Aceh dan Takalar. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan Budidaya. pp: 701-707.
- Parrish, C. C., Abrajano, T. A., Budge, S. M., Helleur, R. J., Hudson, E. D., Pulchan, K. & Ramos, C. (2000). Lipid and Phenolic Biomarkers in Marine Ecosystems: Analysis and Applications. Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, 5: 193-223.
- Permana, R. B. (2013). Aktivitas Antidiabetes Buah Ciplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) Pada Tikus Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2. Skripsi. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
- Ridwan, A., Awaludin, & Anggraeni. (2015). Gonadal Maturity Induction using Karamunting (Melastoma malabatrhicum) Ethanol Extract on white Shrimp Female (Litopenaeus vannamei). Proceeding of 6th. International Conference on Global Resources Conservation, (69-74). Malang: University of Brawijaya.
- Ridwan, A., Awaludin., & Wibowo, I. (2016). Potential Study of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting (Melastoma malabhatricum) As Growth Precursor for Larva of Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaues monodon) By Dipping Method. The 6th Basic Science International Conference. Malang.
- Rohyani, I. S., Aryanti, E., & Suripto. (2015). Kandungan Fitokimia Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Lokal yang Sering Dimanfaatkan sebagai Bahan Baku Obat di Pulau Lombok. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 1 (2): 388-391.
- Rupa, D., Yohana, C., Sulistyaningsih, D., & Ratnadewi, D. (2017). Identification of Secretory Structure, Histochemistry and Phytochemical Compounds of Medicinal Plant Hyptis capitata Jacq. Journal of BIOTROPIA, 24(2): 94-103
- Sukardiman, Abdul Rahman, & Pratiwi N. F. (2004). Uji Praskrining Aktivitas Antikanker Ekstrak Eter dan Ekstrak Metanol Marchantia cf. planiloba Steph. Dengan Metode Uji Kematian Larva Udang dan Profil Densitometri Ekstrak Aktif. Majalah Farmasi Airlangga, 4(3): 90-100.
- Sumardjo, D. D. (2006). Pengantar Kimia Buku Panduan Kuliah Mahasiswa Kedokteran. Jakarta: EGC
- Sutjiatmo, A. B., Sukandar, E. Y., Ratnawati, Y., Kusmaningati, S., Wulandari, A., & Narvikasari, S. (2011). Efek Antidiabetes Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata Linn.) Pada Mencit Diabetes Dengan Induksi Aloksan. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 5 (4): 166-171.
- Singh, V. P., & Sachan, N. (2011). Conjugated Lenoleic Acid: A Good Fat for Human Health. A Review. International Journal of Dairy Science, 6: 165-171.
- Waraporn, P., Piyakorn, B., & Pornpimol, K. (2005). Histological Characterization of Cuticular Depositions throughout the Molting Cycle of the Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Songklanakarin Journal Science and Technology, 27(3): 499-509.
- Weliyadi, E., Awaludin, I., & Maulianawati, D. (2018). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daging Kerang Bakau (Geloina coaxans) dari Kawasan Mangrove Tarakan terhadap Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 2 (1): 35-41.
- Wen Xiao-bo, Ku Yao-mei, & Zhou Kay-ya. (2003). Growth Response and Fatty Acid Composition ofJjuvenile Procambarus Clarkia Fed Different Source of Dietary Lipid. Agricultural Science in China, 2 (5): 583-590.
- Wouters, R., Piguave, X., Bastidas, L., Calderon, J., & Sorgeloos, P. (2001). Ovarian Maturation and Hemolymphatic Vitellogenin Concentration of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) Fed Increasing Levels of Total Dietary Lipids and HUFA. Aquaculture Research, 32: 573-582.
- Wulandari, A., Pancoro, A., & Suhandono, S. (2010). Construct and Production Gonad-Inhibiting Hormone dsRNA of Black Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) by In vitro and In vivo Technique in L44440 Expression Vector. Master Thesis. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
References
Aguilar-Guadarrama, A. B., & Rios, M. Y. (2018). Flavonoids, Sterols and Lignans from Cochlospermum vitifolium and Their Relationship with Its Liver Activity. Molecules, 23(8): 1-8, 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081952.
Andrianto, D., Anaser, N., Untoro, M., Fatmawati, R., Winda, R. A., &
Aisyah, S. (2012). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) terhadap Kelarutan Batu Ginjal in Vitro. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia Unesa 2012-ISBN: 978-979-028-550-7.
Awaludin, & Ridwan, A. (2016). Peningkatan Survival Rate Benih Udang Windu (Peaneus Monodon) Dengan Perendaman Ekstrak Etanol Karamunting (Melastoma Malabahricum). Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 9(1): 32-35.
Bardin, T. P. (1970). The Role of Prostaglandin in Reproductive Physiology. Ohio State Medical Journal, 66(10): 1008-1012
Christie, W. W. (2019). Sterols 3. Sterols and Their Conjugates from Plants and Lower Organisms. http://www.lipidhome.co.uk/lipids/simple/plant-st/index.htm.
Djajanegara, I., & Wahyudi, P. (2010). Uji Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Herba Ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) terhadap Sel T47D secara in vitro. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 1: 41-47.
Djajanegara, I. (2008). Uji 70% Ekstrak Etanol 70% Herba Ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) terhadap sel 70% secara in vitro. Jurnal Harpodon Valensi, 30(1): 1-8.
FAO Fisheries Information, Data and Statistics Unit (FIDI). (2017). Fishery Statistical Collection. FIGIS Data Collection. Rome: FAO.
Hanani, E., Mun'im, A., & Sekarini, R. (2005). Identifikasi Senyawa Antioksidan dalam Spons Callyspongia sp Dari Kepulauan Seribu, Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 2(3): 127-133.
Huberman. (2000). Shrimp endocrinology: a review. Aquaculture, 191: 191-208.
Idris, M. (2011). Energy pathway on two repeated spawning of Australian Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). PhD Thesis. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Kanazawa, A., Chim, L., & Laubier. (1988). Tissue Uptake of Radioactive Cholesterol in the Prawn Penaeus japonicas Bate during Ovary Maturation. Aquatic Living Resources, 20(1): 85-91.
Keber, R., Rozman, D, & Horvat S. (2013). Sterols in Spermatogenesis and Sperm Maturation. Journal of Lipid Research, (1): 20-33. doi: 10.1194/jlr. R032326.
Killops, S. D., & Killopss, V. J. (1993). An Introduction to Organic Geochemistry. USA: Harlow Longman.
Kuballa, A., & Elizur. (2007). Novel Molecular Approach to Study Moulting in Crustaceans. Bulletin of Fisheries Reearch Agency, 20: 53-57.
Layyina H. (2014). Toksisitas Ekstrak Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) Berdasarkan Uji Letalitas Larva Udang. Skripsi. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Lilybeth, F., Olowa., O., & Nuñeza, M. (2013). Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of the Ethanolic Extracts of Three Selected Species of Medicinal Plants from Iligan City, Philippines International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(2): 74-77.
Lisdawati, V. (2002). Buah Mahkota Dewa-Toksisitas, Efek Antioksidan, dan Efek Anti Kanker Berdasarkan Uji Penapisan Farmakologi. http://www.mahkotadewa.com/ 7 diakses 17 Juli 2019.
Meyer, B. N., Ferrigni, N. R., Putnam, J. E., Jacobsen L.B., Nichols, D. E., & Mc Laughlin, J. L. (1982). Brine Shrimp: A Convenientgeneral bioassay for Active Plant Constituents, Planta Medica, 45: 31-34.
Millero, F. S., & Sohn, M. L. (1992). Chemical Oceanography. London: CRC Press.
Nawang, A., Trismawanti, I., & Parenrengi, A. (2015). Produktivitas Telur dan Daya Tetas Induk Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) Asal Aceh dan Takalar. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan Budidaya. pp: 701-707.
Parrish, C. C., Abrajano, T. A., Budge, S. M., Helleur, R. J., Hudson, E. D., Pulchan, K. & Ramos, C. (2000). Lipid and Phenolic Biomarkers in Marine Ecosystems: Analysis and Applications. Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, 5: 193-223.
Permana, R. B. (2013). Aktivitas Antidiabetes Buah Ciplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) Pada Tikus Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2. Skripsi. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ridwan, A., Awaludin, & Anggraeni. (2015). Gonadal Maturity Induction using Karamunting (Melastoma malabatrhicum) Ethanol Extract on white Shrimp Female (Litopenaeus vannamei). Proceeding of 6th. International Conference on Global Resources Conservation, (69-74). Malang: University of Brawijaya.
Ridwan, A., Awaludin., & Wibowo, I. (2016). Potential Study of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting (Melastoma malabhatricum) As Growth Precursor for Larva of Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaues monodon) By Dipping Method. The 6th Basic Science International Conference. Malang.
Rohyani, I. S., Aryanti, E., & Suripto. (2015). Kandungan Fitokimia Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Lokal yang Sering Dimanfaatkan sebagai Bahan Baku Obat di Pulau Lombok. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 1 (2): 388-391.
Rupa, D., Yohana, C., Sulistyaningsih, D., & Ratnadewi, D. (2017). Identification of Secretory Structure, Histochemistry and Phytochemical Compounds of Medicinal Plant Hyptis capitata Jacq. Journal of BIOTROPIA, 24(2): 94-103
Sukardiman, Abdul Rahman, & Pratiwi N. F. (2004). Uji Praskrining Aktivitas Antikanker Ekstrak Eter dan Ekstrak Metanol Marchantia cf. planiloba Steph. Dengan Metode Uji Kematian Larva Udang dan Profil Densitometri Ekstrak Aktif. Majalah Farmasi Airlangga, 4(3): 90-100.
Sumardjo, D. D. (2006). Pengantar Kimia Buku Panduan Kuliah Mahasiswa Kedokteran. Jakarta: EGC
Sutjiatmo, A. B., Sukandar, E. Y., Ratnawati, Y., Kusmaningati, S., Wulandari, A., & Narvikasari, S. (2011). Efek Antidiabetes Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata Linn.) Pada Mencit Diabetes Dengan Induksi Aloksan. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 5 (4): 166-171.
Singh, V. P., & Sachan, N. (2011). Conjugated Lenoleic Acid: A Good Fat for Human Health. A Review. International Journal of Dairy Science, 6: 165-171.
Waraporn, P., Piyakorn, B., & Pornpimol, K. (2005). Histological Characterization of Cuticular Depositions throughout the Molting Cycle of the Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Songklanakarin Journal Science and Technology, 27(3): 499-509.
Weliyadi, E., Awaludin, I., & Maulianawati, D. (2018). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daging Kerang Bakau (Geloina coaxans) dari Kawasan Mangrove Tarakan terhadap Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 2 (1): 35-41.
Wen Xiao-bo, Ku Yao-mei, & Zhou Kay-ya. (2003). Growth Response and Fatty Acid Composition ofJjuvenile Procambarus Clarkia Fed Different Source of Dietary Lipid. Agricultural Science in China, 2 (5): 583-590.
Wouters, R., Piguave, X., Bastidas, L., Calderon, J., & Sorgeloos, P. (2001). Ovarian Maturation and Hemolymphatic Vitellogenin Concentration of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) Fed Increasing Levels of Total Dietary Lipids and HUFA. Aquaculture Research, 32: 573-582.
Wulandari, A., Pancoro, A., & Suhandono, S. (2010). Construct and Production Gonad-Inhibiting Hormone dsRNA of Black Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) by In vitro and In vivo Technique in L44440 Expression Vector. Master Thesis. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.