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Continuously Dynamic Mixing (CDM) Method and Greenhouse Salt Tunnel (GST) Technology for Sea Salt Production throughout the Year
[Metode Continuously Dynamic Mixing (CDM) dan Teknologi Greenhouse Salt Tunnel (GST) Untuk Produksi Garam Sepanjang Tahun]
Corresponding Author(s) : Andi Kurniawan
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 11 No. 2 (2019): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in sea salt production is unpredictable and unsuitable weather. Sea salt production process is very depended on the evaporation rate of sea salt production and it will be stopped in the rainy season. One of the alternative strategies to solve this problem is the application of greenhouse salt crystallization in sea salt production. This study aims to develop the technology to produce sea salt in the rainy season by applying Continuously Dynamic Mixing Method (CDM) in the Greenhouse Sea Salt Tunnel (GST). The application of CDM in the GST is an original innovation developed by the researchers of this study. Environmental parameters analyzed in the present study were daily temperatures, wind speed, evaporation rate, humidity, and Baumé scale value. The quality of the produced sea salt was evaluated from the water and NaCl content. The results of this study indicate that the application of the CDM method in GST makes the sea salt production from the raw water materials (± 2° Be) can be conducted in the rainy season. The optimum water and NaCl content of the produced sea salt is 98.05 % and 7 %, respectively. The production of sea salt for one cycle (15 days) in this study is 300 kg/GST-Crystallization (44 m2). According to the results, the CDM method in the GST technology may improve the production of the sea salt in the rainy season and allow it to produce sea salt throughout the year.
Abstrak
Salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam produksi garam adalah kondisi cuaca yang tidak menentu ataupun tidak mendukung proses pengkristalan garam. Proses pembuatan garam yang sangat tergantung pada laju evaporasi membuat produksi garam akan berhenti pada musim hujan. Strategi pengoptimalan laju evaporasi dengan menggunakan rumah kristalisasi garam berkembang menjadi salah satu alternatif metode untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan teknologi produksi garam di musim hujan dengan menerapkan metode Continuously Dynamic Mixing (CDM) pada rumah kristalisasi berbentuk Greenhouse Salt Tunnel (GST). Penerapan metode CDM dalam teknologi GST merupakan inovasi teknologi yang dikembangkan khusus oleh peneliti dalam studi ini. Parameter lingkungan yang diteliti terdiri dari suhu harian (air dan udara), kecepatan angin, laju penguapan, kelembaban udara dan nilai skala Baumé dari air bahan baku garam. Kualitas produksi garam dievaluasi berdasarkan kandungan air dan kandungan NaCl. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan kalau penerapan metode CDM pada GST membuat produksi garam yang dimulai dari air muda (± 2° Be) dapat dilakukan pada musim hujan. Garam yang dihasilkan berwarna putih dengan kandungan NaCl dan kadar air, secara berturut-turut, adalah 98.05 % dan 7 %. Hasil produksi garam per siklus produksi dalam musim hujan (15 hari) sebesar 300 kg/GST-Kristalisasi (luasan 44 m2). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, metode CDM pada teknologi GST membuat produksi garam pada musim hujan sehingga produksi garam dapat dilakukan sepanjang tahun.
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- Aboufoul, M. et al. 2019. "Dynamics of Water Evaporation from Porous Asphalt.” Construction and Building Materials 202: 406–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.043.
- Adachi, Kouji, and Peter R. Buseck. 2015. "Changes in Shape and Composition of Sea-Salt Particles upon Aging in an Urban Atmosphere.” Atmospheric Environment 100: 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.036.
- Bueger, Christian. 2015. "What Is Maritime Security?” Marine Policy 53: 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005.
- Chapsos, Ioannis, and James A. Malcolm. 2017. "Maritime Security in Indonesia: Towards a Comprehensive Agenda?” Marine Policy 76(September 2015): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.033.
- Fenner, Jack N., and Lori E. Wright. 2014. "Revisiting the Strontium Contribution of Sea Salt in the Human Diet.” Journal of Archaeological Science 44(1): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.020.
- Giustini, Giovanni et al. 2019. "Microlayer Evaporation during Steam Bubble Growth.” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 137(September 2017): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.11.012.
- Guntur, G. et al. 2018. "Development of Salt Production Technology Using Prism Greenhouse Method.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106(1).
- Inguglia, Elena S., Joseph P. Kerry, Catherine M. Burgess, and Brijesh K. Tiwari. 2018. Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry Salts and Salt Replacers. Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814026-0.21581-3.
- Jaziri, A. A. et al. 2018. "Preliminary Design of a Low-Cost Greenhouse for Salt Production in Indonesia.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 137(1).
- Korovessis, N.A., and T.D. Lekkas. 1999. "Solar Saltworks Production Process Evolution-Wetland Function.” In Proceedings of the Post Conference Symposium SALTWORKS: Preserving Saline Coastal Ecosystems,.
- Lakitan, Benyamin. 1994. PT Rajagrafindo persada,-Tjasyono Dasar-Dasar Klimatologi.
- Manders, A. M.M. et al. 2010. "Sea Salt Concentrations across the European Continent.” Atmospheric Environment 44(20): 2434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.028.
- Normala, Adinda. 2018. "Why Does Indonesia, With Its Long Coastline, Still Import Salt_.”
- Santosa, Imam. 2014. "Pembuatan Garam Menggunakan Kolam Kedap Air Berukuran Sama.” Spektrum Industri 12(Yogyakarta): 1–112.
- Tu, Ningwen, Dimas Adiputranto, Xiaowen Fu, and Zhi Chun Li. 2018. "Shipping Network Design in a Growth Market: The Case of Indonesia.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 117(August 2017): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.10.001.
- Wang, C. et al. 2019. "Study on Water Flash Evaporation under Reduced Pressure.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 131: 31–40.
- Worstall, Tim. 2017. "The Crazy World Of Indonesia's Salt Market - Quotas, Import Restrictions And, Yes, Smuggling.”
References
Aboufoul, M. et al. 2019. "Dynamics of Water Evaporation from Porous Asphalt.” Construction and Building Materials 202: 406–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.043.
Adachi, Kouji, and Peter R. Buseck. 2015. "Changes in Shape and Composition of Sea-Salt Particles upon Aging in an Urban Atmosphere.” Atmospheric Environment 100: 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.036.
Bueger, Christian. 2015. "What Is Maritime Security?” Marine Policy 53: 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005.
Chapsos, Ioannis, and James A. Malcolm. 2017. "Maritime Security in Indonesia: Towards a Comprehensive Agenda?” Marine Policy 76(September 2015): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.033.
Fenner, Jack N., and Lori E. Wright. 2014. "Revisiting the Strontium Contribution of Sea Salt in the Human Diet.” Journal of Archaeological Science 44(1): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.020.
Giustini, Giovanni et al. 2019. "Microlayer Evaporation during Steam Bubble Growth.” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 137(September 2017): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.11.012.
Guntur, G. et al. 2018. "Development of Salt Production Technology Using Prism Greenhouse Method.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106(1).
Inguglia, Elena S., Joseph P. Kerry, Catherine M. Burgess, and Brijesh K. Tiwari. 2018. Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry Salts and Salt Replacers. Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814026-0.21581-3.
Jaziri, A. A. et al. 2018. "Preliminary Design of a Low-Cost Greenhouse for Salt Production in Indonesia.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 137(1).
Korovessis, N.A., and T.D. Lekkas. 1999. "Solar Saltworks Production Process Evolution-Wetland Function.” In Proceedings of the Post Conference Symposium SALTWORKS: Preserving Saline Coastal Ecosystems,.
Lakitan, Benyamin. 1994. PT Rajagrafindo persada,-Tjasyono Dasar-Dasar Klimatologi.
Manders, A. M.M. et al. 2010. "Sea Salt Concentrations across the European Continent.” Atmospheric Environment 44(20): 2434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.028.
Normala, Adinda. 2018. "Why Does Indonesia, With Its Long Coastline, Still Import Salt_.”
Santosa, Imam. 2014. "Pembuatan Garam Menggunakan Kolam Kedap Air Berukuran Sama.” Spektrum Industri 12(Yogyakarta): 1–112.
Tu, Ningwen, Dimas Adiputranto, Xiaowen Fu, and Zhi Chun Li. 2018. "Shipping Network Design in a Growth Market: The Case of Indonesia.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 117(August 2017): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.10.001.
Wang, C. et al. 2019. "Study on Water Flash Evaporation under Reduced Pressure.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 131: 31–40.
Worstall, Tim. 2017. "The Crazy World Of Indonesia's Salt Market - Quotas, Import Restrictions And, Yes, Smuggling.”