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Study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Does It Affect Coral Reefs?
Corresponding Author(s) : Eghbert Elvan Ampou
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan,
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2020): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight
- Effect of sea surface temperature on coral reefs
- Correlation with NOAA and AQUA MODIS satellite imagery data
- Sea water quality analysis
- The adaptability of coral reefs
Abstract
This research aims to identify the influence of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) to coral disease and bleaching using MODIS-Aqua data from 2003-2009 and NOAA Coral Reef Watch data. Field-data collection on coral disease and bleaching was carried out in Bunaken National Park, Wakatobi National Park, and Raja Ampat, in August, October, and November 2009, respectively. The presence of coral disease and bleaching was observed by using time-swim method. A prevalence formula was used to calculate the percentage of coral disease and bleaching colonies. The range of mean SST value from each location: Bunaken from 26.84-31.45oC, Wakatobi from 26.09-31.95oC and Raja Ampat from 27.72-31.36oC. There is an influence of SST anomaly on the presence of dis- ease and coral bleaching. During 2003-2019, the highest SST anomaly that could increase the risk of the coral bleaching phenomenon was found in 2010. Coral disease and bleaching were found at locations with high SST anomaly, low nitrate and available phosphate. However, high SST anomalies were not a main cause of coral disease and bleaching. In many locations in Indonesia, mass-bleaching has occurred and the ability of coral adaptation is the main key in dealing with this phenomenon.
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- Ampou, E. E. (2010). Study of prevalence on coral bleaching and diseases. Ecotrophic Journal of Environment and Sciences, 5(2): 125–130.
- Ampou, E. E., Johan, O., Menkes, C.E., Niño, F., Birol, F., Ouillon, S., & Andréfouí«t, S. (2017). Coral mortality induced by the 2015–2016 El-Niño in Indonesia: The Effect of Rapid Sea Level Fall. Biogeosciences, 14(4): 817–26.
- Ampou, E. E., Triyulianti, I., Widagti, N., Nugroho, S.C., & Pancawati, Y. (2020). Bacteria on Scleractinia Corals in Bunaken, Morotai and Raja Ampat (in Bahasa). Jurnal Pesisir dan Laut Tropis, 8(1): 122-134.
- Bianchi, C. N., Pronzato, R., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Benedetti C. L., Morri, C., Pansini, P., Chemello, R., Milazzo, M., Fraschetti, S., Terlizzi, A., Peirano, A., Salvati, E., Benzoni, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., & Bavestrello, G. (2004). Hard bottoms. Biological Marine Meditteranian, 11: 185–215.
- BIG, Pushidrosal, Kemenkomar. (2018). National reference of Indonesian Territorial data. (in Bahasa)
- Brodie, J., Devlin, M., Haynes, D. & Waterhouse, J. (2011). Assessment of the eutrophication status of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (Australia). Biogeochemistry,106(2): 281–302.
- Burt, J. A., Camp, E. F., Enochs, I. C., Johansen, J. L., Morgan, K. M., Riegl, B., & Hoey. A. S. (2020). Insights from extreme coral reefs in a changing world. Coral Reefs, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01966-y.
- Buchheim, J. (2013). Coral reef bleaching. Odyssey Expeditions. Tropical Marine Biology Voyages. Odyssey Expeditions-Marine Biology Learning Center Publications. http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm (accessed 5.14.20).
- Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what? Ecosystems, 4(8): 765-781.
- Dahuri, R. (2003). Marine biodiversity is Indonesia's sustainable development asset. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (in Bahasa)
- Drury, C. (2020). Resilience in reef"building corals: the ecological and evolutionary importance of the host response to thermal stress. Molecular Ecology, 29(3): 448–65.
- Duckworth, A. R., West, L., Vansach, T., Stubler, A., & Hardt. (2012). Effects of water temperature and pH on growth and metabolite biosynthesis of coral reef sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 462: 67-77.
- English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine resources, 2nd Ed., ASEAN. Ed. Australia Marine Science Project, Living Coastal Resources, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
- Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(2): 125–146.
- Feldman, G. C. (2009). MODIS Aqua Validation Analyziz. Retrieved 1 25, 2011, from Oceancolor: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/REPROCESSING/Aqua/R1/modisa_repro1_validation.html
- Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google earth engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202: 18-27.
- Grimsditch, G. D., & Salm, R. V. (2006). Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN Gland Switz. 52pp.
- Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999). Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine Freshwater Research, 50: 839–866.
- Hinson, L. M. (2016). Water quality and health of coral reefs. Undergaduate Research Scholars Thesis. USA: Texas A & M University.
- Krupa, J. (2006). Coral bleaching and the affect of temperature change on coral reef predator-prey interactions. Retrieved 1 2010, 12, from resnet: http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~jxshix/math345/juliann-Coral-Bleaching.ppt
- ISRS. (2014). The effects of terrestrial runoff of sediments, nutrients and other pollutants on coral reefs. Briefing Paper 3, Internatonal Society for Reef Studies. 18 pp.
- Miller, D. J. & Yellowlees, D. (1989). Inorganic nitrogen uptake by symbiotic marine cnidarians: A critical review. Proceedings of The Royal Society London B, 237: 109–125.
- NASA. (2009). Product level descriptions. Retrieved 11 2, 2009, from Ocean Color Website: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/PRODUCTS/product_level_desc.html
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch. (2018). NOAA coral reef watch. Retrieved 01 15, 2012, from Coral Reef Watch: http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/methodology/methodology.html#intro
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch. (2018). Virtual station. Retrieved 1 20, 2011, from Coral Reef Watch: http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/vs
- Odum, P. O. (1989). Ecology and our endangered life-support systems, Sunderland (USA): Sinauer Associates Inc.
- Porter, J. W. (2010). The ecology and etiology of newly emerging marine diseases. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Raymundo, L. J., Couch, C. S.,& Harvell, C. D. (2008). Coral disease handbook: guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, St. Lucia, Qld: Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland.
- Rogers, C. S., Garrison, G., Grober, R., Hillis, Z. M., & Franke, M. A. (2001). Coral reef monitoring manual for the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. National Park Service, Virgin Islands National Park. 120 pp.
- Rogers, C. (1983). Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 14: 378-382.
- Thurber1, A. R., Sweetman, A. K., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Jones, D. O. B., J. Ingels, J., & Hansman, R. L. (2014). Ecosystem function and services provided by the deep sea. Biogeosciences, 11: 3941–3963.
- Veron, J. E. N., De-Vantier, L. M., Turak, E., Green, A. L., Kininmonth, S., Stafford-Smith, M., & Peterson, N. (2009). Delineating the coral triangle. Galaxea Journal of Coral Reef Studies, 11: 91–100.
- Wilkinson, C. R., & Buddemeier, R. W. (1994). Global climate change and coral reefs: implications for people and reefs: report of the UNEP-IOC-ASPEI-IUCN Global Task Team on the Implications of Climate Change on Coral Reefs. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- Wiedenmann, J., D'Angelo, C., Smith, E. G., Hunt, A. N., Legiret, F. E., Postle, A. D., & Achterberg, E. P. (2013). Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nature Climate Change, 3: 160–164.
- Wouthuyzen, S., Abrar, M., & Lorwens, J. (2015). Disclosure of 2010 coral bleaching events in Indonesian waters through analysis of sea surface temperature (in Bahasa). Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 1: 305–327.
- Wouthuyzen, S., Abrar, M., Corvianawatie, C., Kusumo, S., Yanuar, Y., Darmawan, & Yennafri. (2020). Trends in rising sea surface temperature and coral resilience after the 2010 and 2016 coral bleaching event in Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) Pieh Island, Padang, West Sumatera (in Bahasa). Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 5(1): 1–18.
References
Ampou, E. E. (2010). Study of prevalence on coral bleaching and diseases. Ecotrophic Journal of Environment and Sciences, 5(2): 125–130.
Ampou, E. E., Johan, O., Menkes, C.E., Niño, F., Birol, F., Ouillon, S., & Andréfouí«t, S. (2017). Coral mortality induced by the 2015–2016 El-Niño in Indonesia: The Effect of Rapid Sea Level Fall. Biogeosciences, 14(4): 817–26.
Ampou, E. E., Triyulianti, I., Widagti, N., Nugroho, S.C., & Pancawati, Y. (2020). Bacteria on Scleractinia Corals in Bunaken, Morotai and Raja Ampat (in Bahasa). Jurnal Pesisir dan Laut Tropis, 8(1): 122-134.
Bianchi, C. N., Pronzato, R., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Benedetti C. L., Morri, C., Pansini, P., Chemello, R., Milazzo, M., Fraschetti, S., Terlizzi, A., Peirano, A., Salvati, E., Benzoni, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., & Bavestrello, G. (2004). Hard bottoms. Biological Marine Meditteranian, 11: 185–215.
BIG, Pushidrosal, Kemenkomar. (2018). National reference of Indonesian Territorial data. (in Bahasa)
Brodie, J., Devlin, M., Haynes, D. & Waterhouse, J. (2011). Assessment of the eutrophication status of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (Australia). Biogeochemistry,106(2): 281–302.
Burt, J. A., Camp, E. F., Enochs, I. C., Johansen, J. L., Morgan, K. M., Riegl, B., & Hoey. A. S. (2020). Insights from extreme coral reefs in a changing world. Coral Reefs, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01966-y.
Buchheim, J. (2013). Coral reef bleaching. Odyssey Expeditions. Tropical Marine Biology Voyages. Odyssey Expeditions-Marine Biology Learning Center Publications. http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm (accessed 5.14.20).
Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what? Ecosystems, 4(8): 765-781.
Dahuri, R. (2003). Marine biodiversity is Indonesia's sustainable development asset. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (in Bahasa)
Drury, C. (2020). Resilience in reef"building corals: the ecological and evolutionary importance of the host response to thermal stress. Molecular Ecology, 29(3): 448–65.
Duckworth, A. R., West, L., Vansach, T., Stubler, A., & Hardt. (2012). Effects of water temperature and pH on growth and metabolite biosynthesis of coral reef sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 462: 67-77.
English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine resources, 2nd Ed., ASEAN. Ed. Australia Marine Science Project, Living Coastal Resources, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(2): 125–146.
Feldman, G. C. (2009). MODIS Aqua Validation Analyziz. Retrieved 1 25, 2011, from Oceancolor: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/REPROCESSING/Aqua/R1/modisa_repro1_validation.html
Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google earth engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202: 18-27.
Grimsditch, G. D., & Salm, R. V. (2006). Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN Gland Switz. 52pp.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999). Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine Freshwater Research, 50: 839–866.
Hinson, L. M. (2016). Water quality and health of coral reefs. Undergaduate Research Scholars Thesis. USA: Texas A & M University.
Krupa, J. (2006). Coral bleaching and the affect of temperature change on coral reef predator-prey interactions. Retrieved 1 2010, 12, from resnet: http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~jxshix/math345/juliann-Coral-Bleaching.ppt
ISRS. (2014). The effects of terrestrial runoff of sediments, nutrients and other pollutants on coral reefs. Briefing Paper 3, Internatonal Society for Reef Studies. 18 pp.
Miller, D. J. & Yellowlees, D. (1989). Inorganic nitrogen uptake by symbiotic marine cnidarians: A critical review. Proceedings of The Royal Society London B, 237: 109–125.
NASA. (2009). Product level descriptions. Retrieved 11 2, 2009, from Ocean Color Website: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/PRODUCTS/product_level_desc.html
NOAA Coral Reef Watch. (2018). NOAA coral reef watch. Retrieved 01 15, 2012, from Coral Reef Watch: http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/methodology/methodology.html#intro
NOAA Coral Reef Watch. (2018). Virtual station. Retrieved 1 20, 2011, from Coral Reef Watch: http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/vs
Odum, P. O. (1989). Ecology and our endangered life-support systems, Sunderland (USA): Sinauer Associates Inc.
Porter, J. W. (2010). The ecology and etiology of newly emerging marine diseases. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Raymundo, L. J., Couch, C. S.,& Harvell, C. D. (2008). Coral disease handbook: guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, St. Lucia, Qld: Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland.
Rogers, C. S., Garrison, G., Grober, R., Hillis, Z. M., & Franke, M. A. (2001). Coral reef monitoring manual for the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. National Park Service, Virgin Islands National Park. 120 pp.
Rogers, C. (1983). Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 14: 378-382.
Thurber1, A. R., Sweetman, A. K., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Jones, D. O. B., J. Ingels, J., & Hansman, R. L. (2014). Ecosystem function and services provided by the deep sea. Biogeosciences, 11: 3941–3963.
Veron, J. E. N., De-Vantier, L. M., Turak, E., Green, A. L., Kininmonth, S., Stafford-Smith, M., & Peterson, N. (2009). Delineating the coral triangle. Galaxea Journal of Coral Reef Studies, 11: 91–100.
Wilkinson, C. R., & Buddemeier, R. W. (1994). Global climate change and coral reefs: implications for people and reefs: report of the UNEP-IOC-ASPEI-IUCN Global Task Team on the Implications of Climate Change on Coral Reefs. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Wiedenmann, J., D'Angelo, C., Smith, E. G., Hunt, A. N., Legiret, F. E., Postle, A. D., & Achterberg, E. P. (2013). Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nature Climate Change, 3: 160–164.
Wouthuyzen, S., Abrar, M., & Lorwens, J. (2015). Disclosure of 2010 coral bleaching events in Indonesian waters through analysis of sea surface temperature (in Bahasa). Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 1: 305–327.
Wouthuyzen, S., Abrar, M., Corvianawatie, C., Kusumo, S., Yanuar, Y., Darmawan, & Yennafri. (2020). Trends in rising sea surface temperature and coral resilience after the 2010 and 2016 coral bleaching event in Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) Pieh Island, Padang, West Sumatera (in Bahasa). Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 5(1): 1–18.