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Evaluation of Mangrove Water Quality in Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek and Sine, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia Using Phytoplankton as Bioindicators
Corresponding Author(s) : Catur Retnaningdyah
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 14 No. 2 (2022): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight Research
- Anthropogenic factors are the main cause of damage to mangrove ecosystems
- Restoration is a method for ecosystem restoration
- Restoration success is seen from the physical, chemical, and biological parameters
- Phytoplankton is a bioindicator of water quality
- The abundance of mangroves can explain the state of an ecosystem
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems in Sine and Pancer Cengkrong had degraded due to land-use change and restoration has been carried out over a few year on the damaged location. This study was conducted to evaluate water quality of mangrove ecosystems at both locations based on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters as bioindicators. The evaluation of Cengkrong Mangrove was carried out at 4 different locations based on different periode of restoration, namely restoration of 2008-2009, 2013-2014, natural mangroves, and 2005 succession mangroves, whereas there was only one sampling site at Sine mangrove namely 1998-2008 restoration. The physico-chemical parameters measured include water temperature, air temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, nitrate, and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton data was used to measure, trophic diatom index (TDI) as an indicator of water nutrition status, and pollution tolerant value (%PTV) as an indicator of organic pollution. The results showed that the water quality at all the study locations met the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Regulation No 51/2004, except nitrate and phosphate. Based on the TDI index, mangrove in Sine, Cengkrong 2013-2014 restoration, and 2005 succession mangroves were categorized as hyper-eutrophic, natural Cengkrong mangroves were categorized as eutrophic, and 2008-2009 restored Cengkrong mangroves were categorized as meso-eutrophic. Based on the %PTV index, in the Sine mangrove, 2013-2014 Cengkrong restoration, and 2005 succession mangroves were classified as high levels of organic matter pollution, while in the Cengkrong 2008-2009 restoration and natural Cengkrong were classified as a moderate level of organic pollution.
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- Alshawafi, A., Analla, Md., Aksissou, M., & Triplet, P. (2016). Physicochemical Properties of Water, Soil, and Morphological Characteristics of Mangrove Forests in the Island of Kamaran, Al Hodaidah, Yemen. J Ecosys Ecograph. 6(4): 211. doi:10.4172/2157-7625.1000211
- American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Twentieth edition. APHA-AWWA-WEF, Washington, D.C., p. 10-2-10-18.
- Babu, A., Varadharajan, D., Vengadesh, P. N., Thilagavathi, B., Manikandarajan, T., Sampathkumar, P & Balasubramanian, T.. (2013). Diversity of Phytoplankton in Different Stations from Muthupettai, South East Coast of India. Marine Science Research & Development. 3: 128-139. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000128
- Bellinger, E. G., Sigee, D. C. (2010). Freshwater Algae Identification and Use as Bioindicators. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell Ltd.
- Carugati, L., Rastelli, E., Martire, M. L., & Gatto, B. (2018). Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 13298. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-31683-0
- Darmawan. A., Saputra, D. K., Asadi, M. A., Karang, I. W. G. A. (2020). UAV application for site suitability mangrove replantation program, case study in Pasuruan and Probolinggo, East Java. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 153, p. 01009). EDP Sciences.
- Djamaluddin, R. (2018). Mangrove: Biologi, Ekologi, Rehabilitasi, dan Konservasi. Manado: Unsrat Press.
- Du Buf, H., & Bayer, M. M. (2002). Automatic diatom identification. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
- Duwig, C., Archundia, D., Lehembre, F., Spadini, L., Morel, M. C., Uzu, G., Chincheros, J., Cortez, R., Martins, J. M. F. (2014). Impacts of anthropogenic activities on the contamination of a sub-watershed of Lake Titicaca. Are antibiotics a concern in the Bolivian Altiplano?. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science. 10: 370 – 375. doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.062
- Effendi, H., Kawaroe, M., Lestari, D. F., Mursalin, Permadi, T. (2016). Distribution of phytoplankton diversity and abundance in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 33: 496 – 504. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.102
- Gell, P. A., Sonneman, J. A., Reid, M. A., Illman, M. A., Sincock, A. J. (1999). An Illustrated Key to Common diatom genera from southern Australia. Albury: Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology.
- Hilmi, E., Sari, L. K., & Amron. (2020). The prediction of plankton diversity and abundance in mangrove ecosystem. Omni-Akuatika. 3: 1-13. DOI:10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.843
- Junaidi, M., & Azhar, F. (2018). Community structure of phytoplankton and its relationship to waters quality in Lombok Strait, North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography. 12(2): 159-172. ISSN 0973-2667
- Kelly, M. G., & Whitton, B. A. (1995). The Trophic Diatom Index: a new index for monitoring eutrophication in River. Journal of Applied Phycology. 7:433-444. DOI:10.1007/BF00003802
- Khumaidi, A., Iranawati, F., Kilawati, Y., Yanuhar, U., & Fadjar, M. (2020). Morphology, molecular, and nutritional value of Amphora sp. from coastal water of the Groupe cultivation center (Situbondo, Indonesia). Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2): 943-949. ISSN 0971–765X
- Kusmana, C. (2014). Distribution and Current Status of Mangrove Forests in Indonesia. In Faridah-Hanum, I., Latiff, A., Hakeem, K.R., Ȫzturk, M. (Eds). Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia: Status, Challenges and Management Strategies, p. 37-60. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- López-Portillo, J., Lewis III, R. R., Saenger, P., Rovai, A., Koedam, N., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Agraz-Hernández, C., & Rivera-Monroy, V. H. (2017). Mangrove Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation (Chapter 10). Veracruz: Springer International Publishing.
- MENLH. 2004. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 (Lampiran 3) tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut. Jakarta.
- Mughofar, A., Masykuri, M., & Setyono, P. 2018. Zonasi dan komposisi vegetasi hutan mangrove pantai Cengkrong Desa Karanggandu Kabupaten Trenggalek Provinsi Jawa Timur.
- Onyema, I. C. (2013). Phytoplankton bio-indicators of water quality situations in the Iyagbe Lagoon, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Life & Physical Sciences(actaSATECH). 4(2): 93-107. ISSN: 0975-8585
- Pourafrasyabi, M., & Ramezanpour, Z. (2012). Phytoplankton as bioindicator of water quality in Sefid Rud River – Iran (South Caspian Sea). Caspian J. Env. Sci. 12(1): 31-40. http://research.guilan.ac.ir/cjes
- Pour, H. R., Noorollah, M., Mehdi, M., & Abdolrazagh, M. (2014). Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) without nitrification and mineral oxidant bacteria interferences by carbonate turbidimetry. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Chemical Sciences. 5(5): 90-95. ISSN: 0975-8585
- Rohila, A. K., Ansul, Maan, D., Kumar, A., & Kumar, K. (2017). Impact Of Agricultural Practices On Environment. Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. 19(2) : 2017 : 145-148. ISSN-0972-3005
- Saifullah, A. S. M., Kamal, A. H. M., Idris, M. H., Rajaee, A. M., & Bhuiyan, M. K. A. (2016). Phytoplankton in tropical mangrove estuaries: role and interdependency. Forest Science and Technology. 12(2): 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2015.1077479
- Saputra, D. K., Semedi, B., Darmawan, A., Luthfi, O. K., Handayani, M., & Arsad, S. (2020). Habitat management based on mangrove sensitivity assesment in Tulungagung coastal area. Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 7(2): 258-267. DOI:10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2020.007.02.11
- Singh, S., James, A., & Bharose, R. (2017). Biological Assessment of Water Pollution Using Periphyton Productivity: A Review. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. 16(2): 559-567. p-ISSN: 0972-6268
- Taylor, J. C., Harding, W. R., & Archibald, C. G. M. (2007). An Illustrated Guide to Some Common Diatom Species from South Africa. Water Research Commission. Pretoria.
- Toledo-Bruno, A. G. I., Aribal, L. G., Lustria, M. G. M., & Marin, R. A. (2016). Phytoremediation potential of mangrove species at Pangasihan Mangrove forest reserve in Mindanao, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). 9(1): 142-149. ISSN: 2222-3045
- Van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., Siahainenia, A. J., Sualia, I., Tonneijck, F. H., Van der Ploeg, S., & de Groot, R. S. (2014). Effects of different management regimes on mangrove ecosystem services in Java, Indonesia. Published by Wageningen University (Wageningen) and Wetlands International (Ede & Bogor).
- Vuuren, J. V. S., Taylor, J., Gerber, A., & van Ginkel. (2006). Easy Identification of the most Common Freshwater Algae: A Guide for the Identification of Microscopic Algae in South African Freshwater. Pretoria: North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
- Wassie, T. A., & Melese, A. W. (2017). Impact of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton compositions and abundances in Selameko Manmade Reservoir, Debre Tabor, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Appl Water Sci. 7:1791–1798. DOI 10.1007/s13201-015-0352-5
- Wiryanto, Sunarto, & Rahayu, S. M. 2017. Biodiversity of mangrove aquatic fauna in Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 18(4): 1344-1352. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180409
- Wu, N., Britta, S., & Nicola, F. (2014). Study progress in riverine phytoplankton and its use as bio-indicator – a Review. Austin J Hydrol. 1(1): 9-17.
- Yuliana, R. M., Adiwilaga, Enang, H., & Pratiwi, N. T. M. (2012). Hubungan antara kelimpahan fitoplankton dengan parameter fisik kimiawi perairan di Teluk Jakarta. Jurnal Akuatika 3 (2): 169-170. ISSN 0853-2523
- Yuliana, E., Hewindati, Y. T., Winata, A., Djatmiko, W. A., & Rahadiati, A. (2019). Diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. BIODIVERSITAS. 20(4): 1215-1221. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200438
- Zanardi-Lamardo, E., Mitra, S., Vieira-Campos, A. A., Cabral, C. B., Yogui, G. T., Sarkar. S. K., Biswas, J. K., & Godhantaraman, N. (2019). Distribution and sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Hooghly river estuary and Sundarban mangrove, eastern coast of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 146: 39-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.043
References
Alshawafi, A., Analla, Md., Aksissou, M., & Triplet, P. (2016). Physicochemical Properties of Water, Soil, and Morphological Characteristics of Mangrove Forests in the Island of Kamaran, Al Hodaidah, Yemen. J Ecosys Ecograph. 6(4): 211. doi:10.4172/2157-7625.1000211
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Twentieth edition. APHA-AWWA-WEF, Washington, D.C., p. 10-2-10-18.
Babu, A., Varadharajan, D., Vengadesh, P. N., Thilagavathi, B., Manikandarajan, T., Sampathkumar, P & Balasubramanian, T.. (2013). Diversity of Phytoplankton in Different Stations from Muthupettai, South East Coast of India. Marine Science Research & Development. 3: 128-139. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000128
Bellinger, E. G., Sigee, D. C. (2010). Freshwater Algae Identification and Use as Bioindicators. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell Ltd.
Carugati, L., Rastelli, E., Martire, M. L., & Gatto, B. (2018). Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 13298. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-31683-0
Darmawan. A., Saputra, D. K., Asadi, M. A., Karang, I. W. G. A. (2020). UAV application for site suitability mangrove replantation program, case study in Pasuruan and Probolinggo, East Java. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 153, p. 01009). EDP Sciences.
Djamaluddin, R. (2018). Mangrove: Biologi, Ekologi, Rehabilitasi, dan Konservasi. Manado: Unsrat Press.
Du Buf, H., & Bayer, M. M. (2002). Automatic diatom identification. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Duwig, C., Archundia, D., Lehembre, F., Spadini, L., Morel, M. C., Uzu, G., Chincheros, J., Cortez, R., Martins, J. M. F. (2014). Impacts of anthropogenic activities on the contamination of a sub-watershed of Lake Titicaca. Are antibiotics a concern in the Bolivian Altiplano?. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science. 10: 370 – 375. doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.062
Effendi, H., Kawaroe, M., Lestari, D. F., Mursalin, Permadi, T. (2016). Distribution of phytoplankton diversity and abundance in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 33: 496 – 504. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.102
Gell, P. A., Sonneman, J. A., Reid, M. A., Illman, M. A., Sincock, A. J. (1999). An Illustrated Key to Common diatom genera from southern Australia. Albury: Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology.
Hilmi, E., Sari, L. K., & Amron. (2020). The prediction of plankton diversity and abundance in mangrove ecosystem. Omni-Akuatika. 3: 1-13. DOI:10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.843
Junaidi, M., & Azhar, F. (2018). Community structure of phytoplankton and its relationship to waters quality in Lombok Strait, North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography. 12(2): 159-172. ISSN 0973-2667
Kelly, M. G., & Whitton, B. A. (1995). The Trophic Diatom Index: a new index for monitoring eutrophication in River. Journal of Applied Phycology. 7:433-444. DOI:10.1007/BF00003802
Khumaidi, A., Iranawati, F., Kilawati, Y., Yanuhar, U., & Fadjar, M. (2020). Morphology, molecular, and nutritional value of Amphora sp. from coastal water of the Groupe cultivation center (Situbondo, Indonesia). Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2): 943-949. ISSN 0971–765X
Kusmana, C. (2014). Distribution and Current Status of Mangrove Forests in Indonesia. In Faridah-Hanum, I., Latiff, A., Hakeem, K.R., Ȫzturk, M. (Eds). Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia: Status, Challenges and Management Strategies, p. 37-60. New York: Springer-Verlag.
López-Portillo, J., Lewis III, R. R., Saenger, P., Rovai, A., Koedam, N., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Agraz-Hernández, C., & Rivera-Monroy, V. H. (2017). Mangrove Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation (Chapter 10). Veracruz: Springer International Publishing.
MENLH. 2004. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 (Lampiran 3) tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut. Jakarta.
Mughofar, A., Masykuri, M., & Setyono, P. 2018. Zonasi dan komposisi vegetasi hutan mangrove pantai Cengkrong Desa Karanggandu Kabupaten Trenggalek Provinsi Jawa Timur.
Onyema, I. C. (2013). Phytoplankton bio-indicators of water quality situations in the Iyagbe Lagoon, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Life & Physical Sciences(actaSATECH). 4(2): 93-107. ISSN: 0975-8585
Pourafrasyabi, M., & Ramezanpour, Z. (2012). Phytoplankton as bioindicator of water quality in Sefid Rud River – Iran (South Caspian Sea). Caspian J. Env. Sci. 12(1): 31-40. http://research.guilan.ac.ir/cjes
Pour, H. R., Noorollah, M., Mehdi, M., & Abdolrazagh, M. (2014). Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) without nitrification and mineral oxidant bacteria interferences by carbonate turbidimetry. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Chemical Sciences. 5(5): 90-95. ISSN: 0975-8585
Rohila, A. K., Ansul, Maan, D., Kumar, A., & Kumar, K. (2017). Impact Of Agricultural Practices On Environment. Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. 19(2) : 2017 : 145-148. ISSN-0972-3005
Saifullah, A. S. M., Kamal, A. H. M., Idris, M. H., Rajaee, A. M., & Bhuiyan, M. K. A. (2016). Phytoplankton in tropical mangrove estuaries: role and interdependency. Forest Science and Technology. 12(2): 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2015.1077479
Saputra, D. K., Semedi, B., Darmawan, A., Luthfi, O. K., Handayani, M., & Arsad, S. (2020). Habitat management based on mangrove sensitivity assesment in Tulungagung coastal area. Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 7(2): 258-267. DOI:10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2020.007.02.11
Singh, S., James, A., & Bharose, R. (2017). Biological Assessment of Water Pollution Using Periphyton Productivity: A Review. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. 16(2): 559-567. p-ISSN: 0972-6268
Taylor, J. C., Harding, W. R., & Archibald, C. G. M. (2007). An Illustrated Guide to Some Common Diatom Species from South Africa. Water Research Commission. Pretoria.
Toledo-Bruno, A. G. I., Aribal, L. G., Lustria, M. G. M., & Marin, R. A. (2016). Phytoremediation potential of mangrove species at Pangasihan Mangrove forest reserve in Mindanao, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). 9(1): 142-149. ISSN: 2222-3045
Van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., Siahainenia, A. J., Sualia, I., Tonneijck, F. H., Van der Ploeg, S., & de Groot, R. S. (2014). Effects of different management regimes on mangrove ecosystem services in Java, Indonesia. Published by Wageningen University (Wageningen) and Wetlands International (Ede & Bogor).
Vuuren, J. V. S., Taylor, J., Gerber, A., & van Ginkel. (2006). Easy Identification of the most Common Freshwater Algae: A Guide for the Identification of Microscopic Algae in South African Freshwater. Pretoria: North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
Wassie, T. A., & Melese, A. W. (2017). Impact of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton compositions and abundances in Selameko Manmade Reservoir, Debre Tabor, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Appl Water Sci. 7:1791–1798. DOI 10.1007/s13201-015-0352-5
Wiryanto, Sunarto, & Rahayu, S. M. 2017. Biodiversity of mangrove aquatic fauna in Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 18(4): 1344-1352. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180409
Wu, N., Britta, S., & Nicola, F. (2014). Study progress in riverine phytoplankton and its use as bio-indicator – a Review. Austin J Hydrol. 1(1): 9-17.
Yuliana, R. M., Adiwilaga, Enang, H., & Pratiwi, N. T. M. (2012). Hubungan antara kelimpahan fitoplankton dengan parameter fisik kimiawi perairan di Teluk Jakarta. Jurnal Akuatika 3 (2): 169-170. ISSN 0853-2523
Yuliana, E., Hewindati, Y. T., Winata, A., Djatmiko, W. A., & Rahadiati, A. (2019). Diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. BIODIVERSITAS. 20(4): 1215-1221. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200438
Zanardi-Lamardo, E., Mitra, S., Vieira-Campos, A. A., Cabral, C. B., Yogui, G. T., Sarkar. S. K., Biswas, J. K., & Godhantaraman, N. (2019). Distribution and sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Hooghly river estuary and Sundarban mangrove, eastern coast of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 146: 39-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.043